2019年广西岗位能力常识判断语言文字考点真题
第二步，美《全球主义者》在线杂志2017年12月31日刊登题为《使用最广泛的语言》的报道称，全世界有110个将英语作为母语、官方语言或普遍的第二语言。其他任何一种语言在世界各都没有得到如此广泛的使用。汉语历史悠久，使用人数最多，世界上使用汉语的人数至少15亿。而法语只是联合6种工作语言(汉语、英语、法语、俄语、阿拉伯语、西班牙语)之一，并不是使用最广泛的语言。 因此，选择C选项。
解放军文职招聘考试英语语言学笔记7-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育
发布时间：2017-05-2116:19:54第一部分选择题I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1、Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesforcorrectlinguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Ofallthespeechorgans,the___is/arethemostflexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocalcords3、Themorphemevisioninthecommonwordtelevisionisa(n)___.A、boundmorphemeB、boundformC、inflectionalmorphemeD、freemorpheme4、A___intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、CanIborrowyourbike?___Youhaveabike.A、issynonymouswithB、isinconsistentwithC、entailsD、presupposes6、Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammaticalchangesmaybeexplained,inpart,asanalogicchanges,whichare___orgeneralization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、externalborrowingD、internalborrowing8、___referstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.A、Linguafranca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standardlanguage标准语言9、Psychologists,neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat,inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances,threeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage,namely,___.A、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandtheangulargyrus角回B、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandcerebralcortexC、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandneuronsD、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandExner"sarea10、AccordingtoKrashen,___referstothegradualandsubconciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)11、Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser"skoftherulesofhislanguage.12、Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb.13、Misabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14、Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.15、Synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstancesarecalledcsynonyms.16、Theillocutionarypointofristocommitthespeakertosomething"sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.17、Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordc.18、Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+ishe"s),BlackEnglishcandtheformofbe.19、Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.20、Asatypeoflinguisticsystemin12learning,iisaproductofL2training,mothertongueintereference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%10=20%)()21、Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.()22、VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.()23、Thecompoundwordbookstoreistheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.()24、Syntacticcategoriesrefertosentences(S)andclauses(C)only.()25、DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.()26、OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.()27、TheterritoryinwhichtheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesaremainlyspokentodayalsoincludeslanguagesthatarenotIndo-European.()28、Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesameinspeechsituationsknownasdomains.()29、AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers"perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.()30、Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%10=30%)31、duality32、diachroniclinguistics33、broadtranscription34、morphologicalrules35、phrasestructurerule36、relationalopposites37、componentialanalysis38、context39、euphemism40、brainlateralizationV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.42、Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)1.Thepairofwordslendandborroware___.()A.gradableoppositesB.relationaloppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms2.ThediscoveryofIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkoftheBritishscholar.()A.JacobGrimmB.RasmusRaskC.FranzBoppD.SirWilliamJones3.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas__.()A.unusualB.somethingtobefearedC.abnormalD.natural4.__producefastandfluentspeechwithgoodintonationandpronunciationbutthecontentoftheirspeechrangesfrommildlyinappropriatetocompletenonsense,oftenasunintelligible.()A.Broca"saphasicB.ThelinguisticdeprivationC.ThedamageontheangulargyrusD.Wernicke"saphasic5.SomeSouthernlearnersofEnglishinChinatendtosaynightaslight.Thisshows:.()A.Theycannotpronounce/n/B.Interlangueinterferencebecausethereisnotthesound/n/intheirmothertongueC.TheteachersdonothaveagoodteachingmethodD.Theydonotliketopronouncenasalsounds6.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled__word.()A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple7.ThefunctionofthesentenceAniceday,isn"tit?is__.()A.informativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative8.ThemostrecognizabledifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglisharein__andvocabulary.()A.usageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure9.__dealswiththewayinwhichalanguagevariesthroughgeographicalspace.()A.LinguisticgeographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics10.Thesemanticcomponentsofthewordgentlemancanbeexpressedas__.()A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)11.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofw________toformacompletestatement,q________orcommand.12.Insociolinguisticstudies,speakersaretreatedasmembersofs__g________.13.Utteranceisbasedon________________;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.14.Tomanypeople,alinguististhesameasa________,onewhocanspeakseverallanguagesfluently.15.Consonantsoundscanbeeitherv________orv__,whileallvowelsoundsarev________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写T，错的写F，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)16.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.()17.Tenseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.()18.Linguisticsisthecourseoflanguage.()19.Thepartofasentencewhichcompriesecomprisesaninfiniteverboraverbphraseisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.()20.Historicallinguisticsequalstothestudyofsynchronicstudy.()21.Thetermdialect,asatechnicalterminlinguistics,carriesvaluejudgementandnotsimplyreferstoadistinctformoflanguage.()22.Morphologyistranslatedas形态学。()23.Thewordphotographicallyismadeupof4morphemes.()24.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageisallomorph.()25.Semanticsisthemainpartoflinguistics.()四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)26.generallinguistics27.suprasegmentalfeatures28.rootandstem29.hierarchicalstructure30.namingtheoryandconceptualistview31.maximsofqualityandmanner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocalspeech35.contrastiveanalysis五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences.(1)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.(2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent.(3)Theyweresurprisedatthepresident"sappointment.37.Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis______.A.arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC.logicalD.non-productive2.AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithrounded-lips,i.e.rounded,EXCEPT______.3.Thelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplaceiscommonlytermedthe______.A.phrasestructureB.surfacestructureC.syntacticstructureD.deepstructure4.Thetheoryof______accountsforthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.A.CaseConditionB.AdjacentConditionC.parameterD.Adjacentparameters5.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled______.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.TheutteranceWe"realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.obviouslyviolatesthemaximof______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenusually______grammaticalrulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.A.useB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct8.Standardizationknownas______isnecessaryinordertofacilitatecommunications.A.languageinterpretationB.languageidentificationC.languagechoiceD.languageplanning9.Whichofthefollowingchoicesisnotthekeybiologicalbasisforhumanlanguageacquisition?______.A.CerebralcortexB.NeuronsC.EyesD.Angulargyrus10.Basicallyallthefollowingcategoriesexcept______arealwaysmissinginthechildren"stelegraphicspeechstage.A.thecopulaverbbeB.inflectionalmorphemesC.functionwordsD.contentwords第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)11.Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalleda_s_______studyoflanguage.12.Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithany_o________whenasoundisproduced.13.Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalled_b________morphemes.14.XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNPtheboywholikeshispuppyconsistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthe_s________,NtheheadandSthecomplement.15.AccordingtoSearle"sclassificationofillocutionaryacts,tosuggestthatsomeoneshouldseethedoctorshouldfallintothecategoryof_d________.16.Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalled_s________.17.Vowelscanbenasalized.Thevowelnasalizationruleisan_a________rule,which,forthemostpart,iscausedbyarticulatoryorphysiologicalprocessinwhichsuccessivesoundsaremadeidentical,ormoresimilar,tooneanother.18.Onemarkofaninformalstyleisthefrequentoccurrenceof_s________wordsandexpressions,whichmakesenseonlytothepeopleofparticularsocialgroupsandserveasamarkofmembershipandsolidaritywithinagivensocialgroup.19.Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves,called_h________,oneontherightandoneontheleft.20.Linguistsoftenusethetermnativelanguageormothertongueinsteadoffirstlanguage,and_t________languageinsteadofsecondlanguageinsecondlanguageacquisitionliterature.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%10=20%)21.()Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.22.()Ageneraldifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyisthatphoneticsisfocusedontheproductionofspeechsoundswhilephonologyismoreconcernedwithhowspeechsoundsdistinguishmeaning.23.()Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.24.()Sentencesarenotformedbyrandomlycombininglexicalitems,butbyfollowingasetofsyntacticrulesthatarrangelinguisticelementsinaparticularorder.25.()Thesamesemanticfeatureoccursinonepartofspeechonly.Forexample,femaleoccursonlyinnounssuchasmother,womangirltigressandsoonbutnotinotherpartsofspeech.26.()AccordingtoSearle"sclassificationofillocutionaryacts,inviting,ordering,advising,promisingandapologizingallfallintothecategoryofdirectives.27.()Newwordsmaybeformedfromexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword;thatis,ignorancesometimescanbecreative.Thuspeddlewasderivedfrompeddleronthemistakenassumptionthatthe-erwastheagentivesuffix.28.()WomeninWesterncountriesatleastappeartobemorestatus-consciousandsensitivetothesocialsignificanceofcertainlinguisticvariables.29.()ThecaseofGenieconfirmsthatthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiodandconsequently,mostlinguisticskillscannotdevelop.30.()Consciousknowledgeoflinguisticrulesdoesensureacquisitionoftherulesandthereforeanimmediateguidanceforactualperformance.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%10=30%)31.narrowtranscription32.stem33.derivationalaffixes34.grammaticalrelation35.predication36.semanticnarrowing37.nonstandardlanguages38.linguistictaboo39.angulargyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41.Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.英语语言学试题（5）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)1.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa()study.A.comparativeB.diachronicC.up-to-dateD.descriptive2.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,is()phonetics.A.auditoryB.acousticC.articulatoryD.noneoftheabovethree3.Whattheelement-esindicatesisthirdpersonsingular,presenttense,theelement-edpasttense,and-ingprogressiveaspect.Sincetheyarethesmallestunitoflanguageandmeaningful,theyarealso().A.phonemesB.morphemesC.allophonesD.phones4.Sinceearly1980sNoamChomskyandothergeneratvielinguistsproposedanddevelopedatheoryofuniversalgrammarknownasthe()theory.A.speechactB.TGC.principles-and-parametersD.minimalistprogramme5.Onewaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningis().A.predicationanalysisB.stylisticanalysisC.componentialanalysisD.propositionanalysis6.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedinthe()becausethiskindofspeechactisidenticalwiththespeakersintention.A.locutionaryactB.illocutionaryactC.perlocutionaryactD.constativeact7.ThediscoveryofIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkoftheBritishscholar().A.SirWilliamJonesB.JohnFirthC.M.A.K.HallidayD.F.D.Saussure8.Abilingualspeakeroftenusestwolanguagesalternativelyduringaconversationwithanotherbilingualspeaker,aspeechsituationknownas().A.discourserole-switchingB.activityrole-switchingC.socialrole-switchingD.code-switching9.AfocalpointofSLAresearchhasbeenthenatureanddevelopmentofL2learners().A.secondlanguageB.firstlanguageC.foreignlanguageD.interlanguage10.ItisestimatedthatthenumberofbasicwordsknownbyEnglish-speakingschoolchildrenofagesixisaround().A.7800B.6800C.5800D.4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas________study.12.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi________.13.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,a________aredividedintotwokinds:prefixesandsuffixes.14.P________referstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.15.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions.16.Theu________meaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttered.17.Someimportantmissionsofhistoricallinguistsaretoidentifyandclassifyfamiliesofrelatedlanguagesinagenealogicalfamilytree,andtoreconstructthep________,theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.18.R________arelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations.19.LearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget________.20.ArelatedissuewithintegrativemotivationhasbeentheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureoftheL2community.Thisadaptationprocessiscalleda________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填T，错误的填F，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)21.Modernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.()22.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.()23.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic,alwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.()24.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.()25.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythegenerativesemanticiststoanalyzemeaning.()26.Linguistsfoundthatitwouldbepossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningevenifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.()27.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.()28.Whenpeopleofacommunityspeakthesamelanguagefordifferentpurposes,sociolinguisticsituationsknownasdiglossiaandbilingualismemerge.()29.Linguisticlateralizationintermsofrighthemisphericdominanceforlanguageisfoundtoexistinanoverwhelmingmajorityofhumanbeings.()30.Inordertoidentifytheareasoflearningdifficulty,aninterlingualcontrastiveprocedureContrastiveAnalysiswasdeveloped.()四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)31.competenceandperformance32.minimalpair33.morphology34.finiteclause35.senseandreference36.CooperativePrinciple37.semanticbroadening38.languageplanning39.thecriticalperiodhypothesis40.instrumentalmotivationvs.integrativemotivation五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41.Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?42.Forthefollowingsentence,drawatreediagramtorevealitsunderlyingstructure.Thegirlatetheorange.43.StudythepassagetakenfromShakespearesHAMLETbelowcarefullyandidentifyeverydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.King:WhereisPolonius?Hamlet:Inheaven,Sendthithertosee.Ifyourmessengerfindhimnotthere,seekhimitheotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnosehimasyougoupthestairsintothelobby.ActIV,Sceneiii英语语言学试题（6）Ⅰ.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1.Chomskyusestheterm()torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.A.langueB.competenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof().A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby()in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaccordingto()setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhichgirlandlassbelongiscalled()synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof()istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.commissivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman,woman,child,eat,fight,ect.originatefrom().A.MiddleEnglishB.OldEnglishC.FrenchD.NormanFrench8.Inadiglossiccountry,thetwodiglossicformsofalanguagearegenerallytwovarietiesofthesamelanguage,buttherearesituationsinwhichtheH-varietymayhaveno()relationshipwiththeL-variety.A.geneticB.socialC.directD.close9.Manyaphasicsdonotshowtotallanguageloss.Rather,differentaspectsoflanguageareimpaired.Aphasicsin()arearevealword-findingdifficultiesandproblemswithsyntax.A.WernikersB.visualC.motorD.Brocas10.()motivationoccurswhenthelearnerdesirestolearnasecondlanguageinordertocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguage.A.InstrumentalB.FunctionalC.IntegrativeD.SocialⅡ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1％10=10％)11.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed_____.12.Stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,andglidesallhavesomedegreeofo____andarethereforeconsonants.13.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.14.A_____isthemovementofanauxiliaryverbtothesentence-initialposition,suchasbe,have,doetc.15.R____iswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweenformandthereality.16.InAustinsearlyspeechacttheory,c____werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.17.Intheprocessoffirstlanguageacquisition,childrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammars,andtheirlanguagedevelopsinstagesuntilita_____thegrammaticalrulesoftheadultlanguage.18.As_____communityisonegroup,allofwhosememberssharethesamelanguageoratleastasinglelanguagevariety.19.Peoplemaycommunicatetheirfeelingsorthoughtsvian_____signalssuchasfacialexpressions,gestures,postures,orproxemicspace.20.Althoughthedevelopmentofacommunicativesystemisnotuniquetohumanbeings,thenaturalacquisitionofl______asasystemofhighlyabstractrulesandregulationsforcreativecommunicationiswhatdistinguisheshumansfromallotheranimalspecies.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2％10=20％)21.()Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintodaysworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.22.()Insuchsoundcombinationsas/bi:p/,/geip/and/su:p/,thevoicelessstop/p/,occurringinthefinalposition,isunaspirated,i.e.pronouncedwiththestrongpuffofairwithheldtosomeextent.23.()Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisalwaysdeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement,withoutexception.24.()Therelationshipbetweentheembeddedclauseanditsmatrixclauseisoneofaparttothewhole.25.()Thecontextualistviewofmeaningholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofthesituationalcontextandlinguisticcontext.26.()Searlesclassificationofillocutionaryactsisbasedontheclassificationofperformativeverbs.27.()Onekindoflanguagechangeresultsinanincreaseofthenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.Thiskindofchangehasbeencalledinternalborrowingthatis,weborrowfromonepartofthegrammarandapplytherulegenerally.28.()Therearedifferencesinthewaypeopleofvariousagecategoriesspeak.Thedifferencesmosteasilynotedbythelaymanarelikelytobegrammaticalinnature.29.()Thelefthemisphereofthebrainissuperiortotherighthemispherebecausethelefthemisphereislanguage-dominant.30()AchildborntoaChineseorEnglishspeakingfamilytakesaboutthesamenumberofyearstoacquiretheirnativetongue,regardlessoftheirgeneralintelligence.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3％10=30％)31.assimilationrule32.root33.boundmorphemes34.surfacestructure35.grammaticality36.elaboration37.bilingualism38.creole39.theSapir-Whorfhypothesis40.fossilizationⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10％2=20％)41.Thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofindividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingwithexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionofmeaning.42.Explainandgiveexamplestoshowinwhatwaycomponentialanalysisissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures.英语语言学试题（7）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)1.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops.fricatives,nasals,etc.,intermsof().A.mannerofarticulationB.opennessofmouthC.placeofarticulationD.voicing2.Thestudyofhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalled().A.phoneticsB.morphologyC.syntaxD.semantics3.AccordingtoChomsky,()istheidealusersinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage.A.competenceB.paroleC.performanceD.langue4.SweetsandcandyareusedrespectivelyinBritaininandAmerica,butrefertothesamething.Thewordsare()synonyms.A.collocationalB.dialectalC.completeD.stylistic5.Differentmeaningscanbeassociatedwithonelinguisticform,butthereisnobasicmeaningamongthem.Thisisknownas().A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.antonymy6.Howfastdidhedrivewhenherantheredlight?()Herantheredlight.A.entailsB.contradictsC.presupposesD.includes7.Thewordlabisformedthrough().A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation8.()inthebrainfulfillsthefunctionofspeechproduction.A.AngulargyrusB.BrocasareaC.TherighthemisphereD.Wernickesarea9.Whenachildusesmummytorefertoanywoman,mostprobablyhismummymeans().A.+HumanB.+Human+AdultC.+Human+AdultMaleD.+Human+Adult-Male+Parent10.()isnotasuprasegmentalfeature.A.AspirationB.IntonationC.StressD.Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。（每空1分，共16分）1.D_________isadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandspace.2.S_________studyoflanguagedescribeslanguageatsomepointintime;d_________studydescribeslanguageasitchangesthroughtime.3.N_________transcriptiontranscribessoundswithdiacritics,whileb_________transcriptiondoesnot.4.Asentencehasahierarchicalstructureandl_________structureaswell.5.Unlikeasentence,themeaningofanu_________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.6.ChinesebelongstoS_________languagefamily,whileEnglishbelongstoI_________languagefamily.7.R_________aresituationaldialectsappropriateforuseinparticularsituations;i_________isapersonaldialect.8.Whenap_________comestobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguageandchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesc_________.9.I_________istheapproximatelinguisticsystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructs,whichrepresentsthelearnerstransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.10.A_________isthelearnersprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthetargetlanguagecommunity.11.Wordsthathavedescendedfromacommonsourcearec_________.三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写T，错误的写F并且加以改正。（每小题2分，共20分）1.Beatandbitarenotaminimalpair.()2.Compoundsarewordscreatedbycombiningtwoormorethantwowords.()3.Linguisticchangeoccursonlyinsoundandlexicalsystem,butnotinsyntax.()4.Inapredication,theargumentissaidtogovernthepredicate.()5.ModernEnglishbeganwiththeNormanConquest.()6.Bilingualismisasituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesofalanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity.()7.ThecaseofGeniesuggeststhatthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiod.()8.Interferenceistheonlysourceoferrorsinthesecondlanguageacquisition.()9.Whenapluralform-sisaddedtoanounthatendswithavowel,itispronouncedas［z］,duetoassimilation.()10.InthesentenceThefatherbeatthechild,thechildisbothastructuralandlogicalobject.()四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明（每小题4分，共24分）1.duality2.phoneme3.complexsentence4.reference5.perlocutionaryact6.linguistictaboo五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1.CommentonthefollowingconversationintermsofGricesCooperativePrinciple:A:Whereveyoubeen?B:Out.2.Analysethefollowingwordsandshowhowmanymorphemeseachofthemcontains:specialize,indisputable,individualistic,downfall,unexceptionableness,ungentlemanliness(每个语素0.5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。1.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare"splayRomeoandJulietArosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweetwellillustrates_______.()A.theconventionalnatureoflanguageB.thecreativenatureoflanguageC.theuniversalityoflanguageD.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication2.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_______ispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.()A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshownina_______formulaSNPVP.()A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical4.Itisthe_______onCaseassignmentthatstatesthataCaseassignorandaCaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.()A.CaseConditionB.parameterC.AdjacentConditionD.AdjacentParameter5.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze_______meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence6.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled_______.()A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.Theterm_______linguisticsmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.comparativeD.historicalcomparative8.Thewayinwhichpeopleaddresseachotherdependsontheirage,sex,socialgroup,andpersonalrelationship.TheEnglishsystemofaddressformsfrequentlyusedincludesfirstname,lastname,title+lastname,_______,andkinterm.A.title+firstnameB.title+titleC.titlealoneD.firstname+lastname+title9.Languageandthoughtmaybeviewedastwoindependentcirclesoverlappinginsomeparts.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtassubvocalspeech,andspeechas_______.()A.vocalthoughtB.subvocalthoughtC.covertthoughtD.overtthought10.Whcihofthefollowingbeststatesthebehavioristviewofchildlanguageacquisition?_______.()A.LanguageacquisitionisaprocessofhabitformationB.Languageacquisitionisthespecies-specificpropertyofhumanbeingsC.ChildrenarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguageD.Humansareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse第二部分非选择题二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)11.Inthecourseoftime,thestudyoflanguagehascometoestablishcloselinkswithotherbranchesofs________studies,suchassociologyandpsychology.12.Clear［1］anddark［］areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeinc________distribution.13.Ar________isoftenseenaspartofaword,butitcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning.14.Ac________sentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintheother.15.Thatthedenialofonememberoftwowordsimpliestheassertionoftheotheristhecharacteristicofc________antonyms.16.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanu________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.17.Phonologicalrulesmaymovephonemesfromoneplaceinthestringtoanother.Forexample,ModernEnglishverbaskwasOldEnglishaskian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasm________.18.Inmanysocietiesoftheworld,wefindalargenumberofpeoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguage.Asacharacteristicofsocieties,b________inevitablyresultsfromthecomingintocontactofpeoplewithdifferentculturesanddifferentlanguages.19.Thebrain"sneurologicalspecializationforlanguageiscalledlinguisticI________,whichisspecifictohumanbeings.20.Inordertoacquireasecondlanguage,learnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknowaslanguaget________.三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写T，误者在括号内写F，并说明理由。()21.Inthehistoryofanylanguagethewritingsystemalwayscameintobeingbeforethespokenform.()22.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.()23.Acompoundisthecombinationofonlytwowords.()24.ThestudentinthesentenceThestudentlikedthelinguisticlecture.,andThelinguisticlectureinthesentenceThelinguisticlecturelikedthestudent.belongtothesamesyntacticcategory.)25.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.()26.Animportantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition,unlikeentailment,isnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatistosay,ifasentenceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstilltrue.()27.ThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisnonconventionalandnotarbitrary.()28.Languagereflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism.()29.Ifachildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.()30.Whenchildrenlearntodistinguishbetweenthesoundsoftheirlanguageandthesoundsthatarenotpartofthelanguage,theycanacquireanysoundsintheirnativelanguageoncetheirparentsteachthem.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)31.culturaltransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)32.phonicmediumoflanguage33.voicing34.inflectionalmorphemes35.reference36.locutionaryact37.protolanguage38.ethnicdialect39.registers40.acculturation五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)41.Whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.42.Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________.A.aparticularlanguageB.theEnglishlanguageC.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguage2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________.A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless,labiodental,fricativeC.voiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricative3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffixedinthewordlearnedisknownasa(n)__________.A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorphemeC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freeform4.InthephrasestructureruleSNPVP,thearrowcanbereadas__________.A.isequaltoB.consistsofC.hasD.generates5.Iboughtsomeroses__________Iboughtsomeflowers.A.entailsB.presupposesC.isinconsistentwithD.issynonymouswith6.Y"sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________.X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.A.phrasesB.sentencesC.morphemesD.utterances8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.A.sociallyB.linguisticallyC.culturallyD.pragmatically9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________.A.languageandspeechB.visualandspatialskillsC.readingandwritingD.analyticreasoning10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild"ssecondyear.A.babblingB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multiwordⅡ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticfbeforetheycandoanythingelse.12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsrules.13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme.14.Acsentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchasand,but,or.15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds.16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCprincipleproposedbyJ.Grice.17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturaltacrossgenerations.18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthesattitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtassspeech,andspeechasovertthought.Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.20.IisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%10=20%)21.()Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethebestauthorsforlanguageusage.22.()InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.23.()Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.24.()Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites.25.()Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought.26.()Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.27.()Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren"sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.28.()ThesentencesHecrazyandHebesickallthetimearebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish.29.()Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem.30.()Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%10=30%)31.synchroniclinguistics32.displacement33.aminimalpair34.derivationalaffixes35.syntax36.languagetransfer37.hyponymy38.sentencemeaning39.linguafranca40.cerebralcortexⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.42.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner"sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonthespokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.22、FVoicingdistinguishesmeaninginEnglishbutnotinChinese.23、FThemeaningofsomecompoundwordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompoundredcoat.24、FApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.25、FDialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,girliscalledlassieinScottishdialect,andliquoriscalledwhisheyinIrishdialect.28、FTheyhaveafairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,i.e.onelanguagemaybeusedinsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.29、FThetruestatementisAccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers"perceptionsandpatternstheirwayoflife四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,therearealimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherlevelthereareanunlimitednumberofcombinationsofthesesounds.Itisalsoknownasdoublearticulation.32、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.33、Awaytotranscribespeechsounds.Thebasicprincipleistouseonelettertoindicateonesound.Itisgenerallyusedindictionariesandlanguageteachingtextbooks.34、Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword,e.g.-lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.35、arewriterulethatallowsforthepossiblecombinationsofwordstoformphrasesandsentences36、Relationalopposites,akindofantonyms,refertopairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Forexample,husbandandwife,fatherandsonetc.37、Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,thewordmanisanalyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Contextisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Forexample,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.39、Aeuphemismisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionthatreplacesataboowordorservestoavoidmoredirectwordingthatmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,e.g.passawayfordie.40、Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexample,therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.Inmostpeople,thelefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.1)Vowelsoundchange:Englishhasundergonethesystematicandregularchangeinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemes,i.e.betweenpronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish,e.g.five/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)/faiv/(ModernEnglish)2)Soundloss:Soundscanchangebythelossofphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglishthevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglish,sonightwaspronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,itspronunciationis/nait/.3)Soundaddition:Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound.Forexample,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothephoneme/3/wasaddedtotheinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4)Soundmovement:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasmetathesisinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.Metathesisislesscommon,butitdoesexist.InsomedialectsofEnglish,forexample,thewordaskispronounced/?ks/.Also,bridd(bird)isanOldEnglishword.Whenmetathesisoccurredtothisword,themovementof/r/soundtotherightofthevowelsoundresultedinitsModernEnglishcounterpartbird.评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。42、Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.TherateandultimatesuccessinSLAareaffectednotonlybylearners"experiencewithoptimalinputandinstruction,butalsobyindividuallearnerfactors.ThelearnerfactorsthathavecapturedtheattentionofSLAresearchersincludeage,motivation,acculturation,andpersonality:1)AgeTheoptimumageforSLAdoesnotalwaysaccordwiththemaximoftheyoungerthebetter.ButithasbeendemonstratedthatadolescentsarequickerandmoreeffectiveL2learnersthanyoungchildren.TheearlyteenagersaregoodL2learnersbecausetheirflexibilityofthelanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostandtheircognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingoflinguisticfeaturesofanewlanguage.2)MotivationAdultsaremotivatedtolearnasecondlanguagebecauseofacommunicativeneed.Ifthelearnershaveastronginstrumentalneedtolearnasecondlanguageorhaveastronginterestinthewayoflifeofnativespeakersofthelanguagetheyarelearning,theyaremostlikelytosucceed.3)AcculturationThemorealearneraspirestoacculturatetothecommunityofthetargetlanguage,thefurtherheorshewillprogressalongthedevelopmentalcontinuum.4)PersonalityThegenerallyoutgoingadultlearnerslearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanthegenerallyreservedones.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)11.wordsquestion12.socialgroups13.sentencemeaning14.polyglot15.voicelessvoicedvoiced三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)16.T17.F(Senseandreference)18.F(scientificstudyoflanguage)19.F(finiteverb)20.F(diachronic)21.F(novaluejudgement)22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(oneoftheparts)四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)26.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.27.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.28.Thebaseformofaword;theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.29.Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.30.Thewordsofalanguagearelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor;alinguisticformislinkedthroughconceptstowhatitrefersto.31.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseorwithoutadequateevident;Avoidobscurityofexpressionandambiguity,bebriefandorderly.32.Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.33.Avarietyoflanguagesusedbyasocialclass.34.Thoughtwhenitisclosetolanguage.35.Acomparativeproceduretoestablishlinguisticdifferencesbetweenlanguagesforteachingpurposes.五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.(1)thehuntersareshooting;thehuntersareshot;(2)youngmenandyoungwomen;youngmenand(notyoung)women(3)thepresidentappointsothers;thepresidentisappointed.37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganizeun-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlockanti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialismsuper-greaterthanusual,e.g.superpower,superman-wise:inthemannerof,e.g.clockwise,moneywise-itis:infection.e.g.bronchitis,arthritis-ize:makeinto,e.g.realize,modernize-age:process.e.g.mileage,linkage英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualism19.lateralization20.transfer三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)21.FThecontraryistrue.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinvention.22.T23.FSomecompoundscontainmorethantwowords.24.T25.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressionsmorningstarandeveningstar.Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.26.T27.FThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisconventionalandsomewhatarbitrary.28.T29.T30.FChildrenfirstacquirethesoundsfoundinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlaterstagesacquirethemoredifficultsounds.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)31.Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,i.e.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.32.Thelimitedrangeofsoundsthatareusedinhumanlanguagecommunication,i.e.thespeechsounds.33.Voicingisaphoneticfeatureofsomesounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.34.Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemesthatareusedtoindicatethegrammatrcalrelationsandcategories,suchas-ed,-(e)s,-estinEnglish.35.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Forexample,ifwesay,Thedogisbarking,wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinthesituation.Theactualdogtheworddogreferstointhisparticularsituationisthereferenceoftheworddog.36.Locutionaryactreferstotheactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Forexample,bysayingYouhaveleftthedoorwideopen,thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhathehasutteredallthewordsandexpressedwhatthewordsliterallymean.37.Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages.38.Anethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Itisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.39.Registersarelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthisreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.40.Acculturationreferstoaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)41.Inadditiontorevealingalinearorder,aconstituentstructuretreehasahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,andconsequentlyisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.Forexample,thephrasetheoldmenandwomenmayhavetwointerpretations,i.e.theadjectiveoldmaymodifythenounmen,orthefollowingtwonounsmenandwomen.Linearorderanalysiscannottellthisdifference,soitisambiguous.Whereas,theconstituentortreediagramsanalysiscanmakethisdifferenceclear.So,wesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureanalysis.NPNPNPNPNPNPTheoldmenandthewomentheoldmenandtheoldwomen42.Fromtheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageuseintermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke"sareaandtransferredtoBroca"sarea,whichdeterminesthedetailsoftheirformandpronunciation.Theappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatethewords.Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thestimulusfromtheauditorycortexistransmittedtoWernicke"sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessageissenttotheangulargyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.英语语言学试题（9）一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B10、C二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts12、sequential13、free14、coordinate15、semantics16、Cooperative17、transmission18、social19、subvocal20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、（T）22、（F）Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification.23、（F）Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts.24、（T）25、（F）Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.26、（T）27、（F）Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren"sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole.四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare"stime.32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe"here"and"now"asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine.33、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/.34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.36、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess.37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.38、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningofThebagisheavyresultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY).39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-uponcommontongueusedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes.40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsasarmy,court,defense,faith,prisonandtaxcamefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。42、Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner"sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)personality.TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage.Motivationreferstothelearner"soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation：instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner"sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner"sgoalissocial.AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community.PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners.北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷1.Definethefollowingterms:20points1)langue2)parole3)allophone4)semanticfield5)cohesion2.TrytoidentifythepossibleparadigmaticrelationbetweenanyitemsinthefollowingpoembyLuXun10points岂有豪情似旧时？花开花落两由之。何期泪洒江南雨，又为斯民哭健儿！3.Givesomelexicalitemstoillustratesocialdialects.Trytoexplaintheirconnotations.20points4.WhatcanthisrulemeaninEnglishgrammar?10points[d]___[-id]/[t]___5.Definethefollowingsoundsintermsofarticulatoryfeatures10points这些音标我打不出来和往年的差不多全掌握了就行6.TrytotellsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesenominalconstructions.Supplysomeexamples.10points7.Wecanusethepatternitistoemphasizeanypartofasentenceexceptthepredicate.Whatcanwedoifwemustemphasizeit?Pleasegiveexamplestohighlightyouremphasisofanypartofthissentence:15pointsIboughtabookinthecityyesterday.8.Trytodiscussasmanyaspossiblethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.15points9.Observethefollowingsentences:老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到儿子。Whichsentenceisclearinitsmeaning?Whichoneisunclear?Trytoexplainwhy.PointoutsomefeaturesoftheChineselanguage.10points10.Discussthefollowing2sentences,andtellwhywecanassigndifferentvaluestotheyearoffifteen:10pointsSheisalreadyfifteen,andyetsheiscryingoversuchasmallthing.Shehasdoneitverywell;sheisonlyfifteen,youknow.11.Whatcanlinguisticsdoforlanguagelearningandteaching?(10points)12.DeterminerPhrase(DP)isthenamenewlygiventotheNPingenerativegrammar.ADPcanbeaformlike1)abook;2)thebook;3)books;4)obook.ThisnamemaybebetterthantheoldnameofNPinthatitremindsusofsthwhenwe(Chinesespeakers)learnorteachEnglish.Doyouagreetothis?Trytotellanythingsignificanthere.(10points)
2016军队文职考试考试岗位能力备考：语言衔接题解题技巧
语句衔接在2016军队文职考试考试岗位能力中是考生需要注意的内容，语句衔接考察的是对句子与句子之间逻辑关系的把握。为各位考生更好地备战2016军队文职考试考试，红师教育为各位考生准备了解答语言衔接题的方法与解析。 一、题型特点 这种题型一般是题干给出一段文字，但是这段文字不是完整的，也就是说它在其中挖去一句或者多句话，让我们选择出最恰当的选项填入题干。它其实就是句子填空，所以空格的部分在句子中的位置和句子整体的一致性是非常重要的。 二、解题技巧之看位置 1、当空格位于段首时 段首句的作用有二：一是开宗明义，点明文段要阐述的中心思想，起总领全文的作用，也就是主旨句。二是引出话题，对文段要阐述的中心思想进行铺垫叙述、埋下伏笔，也就是总起句。
2、当空格位于段中时 此时我们要考虑这个句子是否是从承上启下的角度说明的，或者是和题干相关的例证、解释说明等等。 3、当空格位于段尾时 段尾句往往是对前文观点的概括与总结，起着收束全文的作用，即点明中心、总结前文。因此尾句主要是：总结句、结论句、升华句、呼吁句等。
