军队文职的数学一和考研的区别_解放军文职招聘考试矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的辩证关系

解放军文职招聘考试2009年考研英语真题和答案-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

发布时间：2017-06-14 23:00:022009年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. She adds, however, that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which we re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything, explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will... and Ms. Markova s business partner. That s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23. ruts (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markova s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that he s the kid s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don t force it. After all, that s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn t constrain the ability of the developing world s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles, New England s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people. One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . Our main end was to catch fish.36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture known as functionalism became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the survival of the fittest, in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world"s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. White pollution is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English1 5 BADBC 6 10 ADCBD11 15 DBCDA 16 20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21 25 ABCAA 26 30 ACDAB31 35 DBBAC 36 40 BBDACPart B41 45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。47. 一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。48. 在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。49. 既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。50. 因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. 应用文参考范文Dear editor，I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now. As we know, being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life, some of us still take the white pollution for granted. Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life, and the white pollution now is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which greatly worsens our environment.To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest that: firstly, our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment; secondly, new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials; thirdly, the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people s awareness of environment.I hope that my suggestions are helpful, thank you for your attention!Sincerely yours，Li MingPart B52. 短文写作参考范文In the drawing, what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web, on which innumerable people are attached, like the catch of the owner of the web. What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins, choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face.There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. However, it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience, and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method. Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world. The following reasons may be contribute to the phenomenon. To begin with, people in mounting numbers, who are vividly called netters, indulge in on-line activities, because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it. The Internet, in particular, moving forward with an unimaginable speed, provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others, which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover, the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation, which results in people s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.Hence, it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication between people. The joint efforts of the specialists, the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.

解放军文职招聘考试矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的辩证关系-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

发布时间：2017-08-16 12:21:28毛泽东同志认为矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的关系是矛盾问题的精髓，不懂得它就有抛弃辩证法的危险。1.矛盾普遍性和特殊性相互区别。它们的区别表现在，矛盾的普遍性是共性，具有绝对性，特殊性是个性，具有相对性；矛盾的普遍性比特殊性深刻，特别性比普遍性丰富。特别性、个性不可能全部进入共性、普遍性，否则世界就丧失了自己的丰富性、个体性。2.矛盾的普遍性和特殊性相互联系。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是矛盾的两面，任何一个事物都是矛盾普遍性和特殊性的统一。矛盾的共性、普遍性存在于个性特殊性之中，个性中必然 包含共性，以共性为本质。个性是共性的基础，共性是个性的本质。个性的基础地位不能抹煞，共性的本质特征也不可忽视。3.矛盾的普遍性和特殊性在一定条件下相互转化。在一个较大范围内是特殊性的东西，在较小的范围内就转化为普遍性的东西，反之亦然。如阶级矛盾在整个人类历史中是特殊性的 矛盾，在阶级社会中就转变为普遍性的矛盾。但是，就整个世界来说普遍性就是普遍性，它向特殊性的转化是指它可以表现为特殊性，特殊性可以实现普遍性，实现是部分的实现。

解放军文职招聘考试考研短文写作总论-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

（1）考官阅卷规律考研作文的读者是阅卷考官，因此充分掌握考官的阅读和评分心理是我们制胜的一大法宝。那么，阅卷考官在评分过程中都会呈现出什么样的特点呢？具体的注意事项总结如下：（2）英文作文的行文特点和思维模式美国一位著名的语言学家Kaplan曾经在20世纪70年代作过一项关于在美国的本土学生、亚洲学生和阿拉伯学生在写英文作文中体现出的思维方式及其背后的文化影响的调查，并发表了一篇著名的论文，提出了三种思维模式引发的写作模型。虽然考研作文的阅卷考官们大部分都是中国人，但是他们的英语水平都很高、造诣也很深，对于英文的行文规律了如指掌。因此，考生要尽量学会英文的写作模式，尤其要重视主题句的作用。简单来说，英文议论文的行文有以下特点：1、结构分明、意图明确。2、扣紧主题、切勿离题。3、句子不必过长，严防语法错误。4、适量引用名人名言、成语谚语。5、用清晰的语言指出问题。6、使用更多的连接词。（3）图画作文和图表作文的写作策略我们认为，接下来几年的研究生考试中，图画作文出现的概率远远大于图表作文。考生要重视图画作文的能力训练，但是也不能完全忽略图表作文。下文将具体阐述应对这两种作文形式的要点和攻略。一、图画+提纲作文图画作文往往给出的是一幅简洁明了的照片、图片或者漫画，要求考生将图画转变成为文字形式。尽管中国学生从小学开始就接受了看图作文的系统训练，但是我们不能因此掉以轻心。首先，英文看图作文和中文看图作文的模式和思维体系是不同的。其次，考研作文的图画选择都是含有丰富的寓意的，对考生提出了 把握寓意、联系现实、深刻思考、丰富表达 等一系列较高的要求。我们认为攻克图画作文的关键在于仔细分析、观察细节。虽然考研写作时间非常紧张，但是花2-3分钟细心观察图画是具有决定性意义的。观察图画的同时可以在草稿纸上作相应的笔记：1、写出你认为图画中反映的是一个什么样的社会现象和问题；2、简单写下图画中的一些细节，如2001年作文中的蜡烛烛光是以一个笑脸的形式体现出来的。迅速分析这些细节，标明哪些是重点、哪些是次重点、哪些无关紧要，在写作的时候便能够自如把握需要详细描述的信息。3、查漏补缺。检查是否有遗漏的信息，因为越是简单的图画就越容易使人忽略一些细节。例如在2005年的图画中，如果仔细观察可以发现，是大儿子把父亲踢了出来，而其他几个儿女是做防守动作，防止老父被踢到自己的球门。当然在发现遗漏的信息之后也需要进一步判断是否需要将这一信息加入自己的作文中。需要说明的是，我们这里指的提纲不是考题中已经给出的提纲，而是根据考题的提纲写出自己的行文思路、大意和要点等。接下来就是正式的写作步骤。我们来详细分析一下三段的具体写作要点（我们在本书的 高分句型 和 万能模版 部分将分别提供对每一个段落行之有效的句型和模版）：1、第一段主要是描述图画中的信息和表达的含义。考生在第一句话中应该开门见山地说明图画中谈论的是什么事情；第二句话进一步描述细节、但不要用于第一句话相同的表达方式；第三句话点明图画的象征意义。注意点：如果图中有中文说明的话，要尽量将中文句子译出或者以其他方式表达出来。但切忌生硬地翻译中文，如1998年作文中的那首打油诗就没有必要翻译出来。2、第二段的全文的重点，一般都是要求具体分析图画中暗含的社会现象。考生在提出一个总论点之后，可以通过 firstly, secondly, thirdly 等形式提出分支论点，进行详细阐发。在论证过程中可以采用并列论证、对比论证、举例论证、逻辑论证等方式。注意点：第二段和第三段的开头最好写一个主题句，既可以防止离题，又符合英文写作的习惯。同时，全文的段与段之间、句与句之间做好衔接和过渡的工作。二、图表+ 提纲作文考研作文已经出现过的图表作文包括1997年的柱状图（bar chart）和饼状图（pie chart），1999年的曲线图（line chart / line graph）。其它常见的图表还包括表格（table）、流程图（flow chart）等。在进行写作之前，我们同样要观察和分析图表。此时我们需要带着问题去观察：这个图表或者这组图表是关于什么内容的；图表中有哪些具体项目组成、分别有什么作用和含义；图表中有哪些重要数据（可以用铅笔在图中圈出）；如何分析这些数据，是把重点放在数据本身，还是重点分析数据变化的趋势。如果是一组图表，还要分析彼此之间有什么样的关联；如果从图表中得出一个中心思想或者主题句。接下来的几个写作步骤可以参考上文关于图画作文的分析，具体包括列提纲和如何组织三段论、以及最后的检查和修改等。此外，针对图表作文的特点，我们还提出了以下一个注意点：1、不同的图表本身就暗示了考生应该关注的分析点。如柱状图和曲线图重点在于指出变化趋势，而饼状图则侧重于各个部分的数值和所占百分比、即体现了整体和局部的关系，流程图在于过程和各个阶段的不同情况。以上四种图表一般都会有说明文字，如横坐标和纵坐标上的说明等，需要格外关注。表格的难度相对要更高，需要考生自己找出重点数据、并仔细观察数据来发现变化和趋势等。无论哪种形式的图表，考生万勿简单地罗列数据和信息，因为考研作文考察的重点是分析能力。2、要密切关注图表上一些重点区位，如果曲线的峰值、谷值、突然的转折，曲线的交汇点。其它图表中数值的极值，数据或者百分比大幅度增加或者减少的地方等等，这些往往都是图表暗含的中心意思所在。3、图表写作的事态采用一般现在时，如果题目中有具体关于过去和将来时间的提示，则根据情况采用过去时和将来时。4、图表的描述也有一些固定的表达法，考生需要在平时练习中积累（本书 高分句型 部分也提供了丰富的表达法）。5、由于图表往往提供了比图画更加丰富的信息，考生需要提高鉴别分析信息的能力，找出最重要的数据。由于数据繁多，也更容易遗漏，所以最后的查漏补缺工作也显得尤其重要。（4）写作注意事项u词汇英语写作讲究用词准确而且正式。同时，英语的词汇非常丰富，一个词语通常都有许多同义词和近义词。考生如果平时注意积累并加以练习，就能够熟练在考试中运用。下面我们举一些英语词汇变化的例子。help out assist; set up to establish; go up increase;cut down reduce; find out determine; look into investigate;bring up raise; come up with create; go up and down fluctuategood considerable; get obtain; a lot of numerous;things that will happen consequencesu语法英文写作非常讲究语法，尤其是考研作文作为正式文体，需要注意以下几点小细节：1、尽量少用缩写形式。如don t, can t, won t写做do not, cannot, will not等。2、用更加正式的否定形式。如not any写做no, not much 写做 little, not many 写做few等。例如：He did notsay anywords.He said nowordsThere are not manychances available.There are fewchances available.3、尽量少用 etc. , and so on 等表达方式。例如：Activities include dancing, singing, etc.Activities include dancing, singing, and other fun stuff.4、尽量把副词和动词放在一起。例如：Consequentlywe may arrive at the conclusion thatWe may consequentlyarrive at the conclusion thatu标点英语中没有顿号，在汉语需要顿号的情况下可以用逗号。汉语中的引言通常都是： 的格式，而英语中不用冒号，用逗号，如, .u常用程度和语句副词常用的程度副词包括：absolutely, almost, awfully, completely, considerably, deeply, entirely, exactly, extremely, fairly, greatly, hardly, immensely, increasingly, more and more, much, nearly, partly, perfectly, profoundly, quite, rather, scarcely, slightly, somehow, somewhat, thoroughly, to some extent, utterly, very.常用语句副词包括：actually, admittedly, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, more importantly, naturally, surprisingly, obviously, perhaps, preferably, probably, possibly, strangely, superficially, surely, technically, theoretically, undeniably, unexpectedly, unfortunately.u常用逻辑连接词因果关系： and so ; another important factor/reason ; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that ; in view of; owing to; since; so; so that ; the reason seems obvious; there are about ; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently并列关系：and; also; as well as; both and ; either or ; neither nor ; not only but also ; in the same way; too序列关系: first , second , third , and so forth; A , B , C , and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon递进关系：accordingly; as a popular saying goes ; as far as is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to ; in other words; in the first place , in the second place ; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only , but also ; not but ; lastly; for one thing , for another时空关系：afterwards; as soon as; at least; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then转折关系：yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of条件关系：as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless重复关系：in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above比较关系：apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact举例关系：a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in anothercase; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; accordingto; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take as an example; you may say对比关系：after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand on the other hand ; contrary to; conversely unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while强调关系：definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention ; what is more important; notably; that is;总结关系：accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion;overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that ; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; hence; all in all（5）提高写作能力的整体策略和技巧众所周知， 一口吃不成一个大胖子 ，应对考研写作不仅仅需要考生在考试之前进行强化训练，更需要在平时坚持练习和积累。1、背诵范文背诵范文就是一个很好的方法，通过朗读和背诵，考生能够迅速掌握并牢记各种精彩词汇、词组和句型，更能够大大增强英语语感。而掌握语感是学会另一门语言的关键所在，也是一条捷径。2、扩大词汇量例如，我们可以查到 show 的同义词有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 等。conclude 的同义词有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,greatly 的同义词有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,我们可以发现这其中的很多词语都可以用到考研作文中。3、扩大阅读量。学习语言就要增大阅读量。考生可以在平时选取一些休闲类的英语读物用作准备考研的紧张生活中的一种调剂，如曾经风靡一时的 书虫 系列等。现在这类读物在书店中随处可见，非常容易买到。在阅读过程中，考生要做一个有心人，随时记下自己认为较好的词汇、词组和句型。此外，还可以多看看英语报纸杂志，不仅可以学到最新的词汇，也可以找到更多当前社会比较流行的话题，汲取不同的思路和观点，这些都与考研作文有很大的关联。现在这类出版物在国内也越来越多，比如21st Century, China Daily等报纸，国外的杂志像有名的Times, Newsweekly, Economist等也都能够较容易地买到过刊。不过我们不建议考生去读大部头的英文著作，一来消耗时间，二来大书中的词汇反而不如报纸杂志上的灵活生动、贴近生活。4、纠正中文思维5、考前作文复习步骤在自己搜集的资料基础上，多看多读多背，并尽量建立适合自己的各类作文模板。