解放军文职招聘考试内部控制测试-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

发布时间:2017-09-20 10:12:07*----控制测试的涵义*----控制测试的程序*----控制测试的范围*----控制测试中应注意的问题*----------注册会计师对内部控制的研究和评价的步骤有哪些?在对拟信赖的内部控制进行测试后其评估结果如何?1、注册会计师对于企业内部控制所做的研究和评价可分为三个步骤:(1)了解企业的内部控制情况,并做出相应的记录;(2)实施控制测试程序,证实有关内部控制的设计和执行的效果;(3)评价内部控制的强弱,思考题:1.简述控制测试的涵义和程序。2.控制测试中应注意的问题有哪些?第四节 内部控制评价(一)了解内部控制后的初步评估1、对内部控制的初步评估实际上是评价企业会计与内部控制在防止或发现和纠正重要错报或漏报中有效性的过程。2、注册会计师在设定控制风险低于最大值时比设定控制风险为最大值时需要更多地了解控制程序。3、注册会计师初步评估的控制风险水平越低,就应获取越多的关于内部控制设计合理和运行有效的证据。4、注册会计师在什么情况下初步评估控制风险为高水平或不应评估为高水平?在出现下列情况之一时,应将重要账户或交易类别的某些或全部认定的控制风险评估为高水平:(1)企业内部控制失效;(2)注册会计师难以对内部控制的有效性做出评价;(3)注册会计师不拟进行控制测试。在同时出现下列情况时不应将控制风险评估为高水平:(1)相关的内部控制可能防止或发现和纠正重大错报或漏报;(2)注册会计师拟进行控制测试。思考题:1.如何对内部控制做出评价?第五节 管理建议书*----管理建议书的含义*----管理建议书的内容*----管理建议与审计意见的区别1、管理建议书的概念(掌握)2、注册会计师出具管理建议书的必要性:注册会计师对审计过程中注意到的内部控制重大缺陷应当告知被审计单位管理当局,必要时,可出具管理建议书。3、管理建议书对审计意见是否有影响?管理建议书对审计意见没有影响,注册会计师审计的目的是对会计报表发表审计意见,不是对内部控制发表审计意见,管理建议书不能被认为是对内部控制整体发表的意见,也不能减轻或免除被审计单位管理当局建立健全内部控制的责任。思考题:1.简述管理建议书的含义和内容?教学组织:1、课堂讲授为主、案例分析 (70分钟)2、教师组织学生讨论 (50分钟)作业布置:1. (2002年单选题第15小题)注册会计师对有些会计报表认定采用较低的控制风险估计法,则执行控制测试的种类应为( )。A.同步控制测试 B.追加控制测试C.计划控制测试 D.分析控制测试2. (2001年单选题第12小题)为了获取有关控制风险的证据,注册会计师通常选择的程序是( )。A.分析性复核 B.函证C.检查 D.计算3.(2003年多选题第6小题)在编制审计计划时,应当了解P公司的内部控制。了解重要内部控制时,应实施的程序通常包括( )。A.询问P公司的有关人员,并查阅相关内部控制文件B.检查内部控制生成的文件和记录C.选择若干具有代表性的交易和事项进行穿行测试D.观察P公司的业务活动和内部控制的运行情况4.(2001年多选题第6小题)当注册会计师发现被审计单位存在严重影响会计报表的偷税、漏税行为时,最有可能导致其解除业务约定的情况有( )。A.被审计单位偷税、漏税金额巨大B.怀疑被审计单位最高层管理人员涉及偷税、漏税行为C.被审计单位拒绝采取必要的措施纠正偷税、漏税行为D.注册会计师将控制风险评估为高水平5. (2002年判断题第5小题)在执行小规模企业会计报表审计业务时,根据独立审计实务公告《小规模企业审计的特殊考虑》的要求,注册会计师无需对相关的内部控制进行了解。( )6. (2001年判断题第8小题)内部控制要素可以分为控制环境、会计系统和控制程序,内部审计是控制程序的主要组成部分。( )7. (2000年判断题第4小题)注册会计师对会计报表审计过程中注意到的被审计单位内部控制的重大缺陷,应出具管理建议书,但不影响应当发表的审计意见。( )8.(2000年简答题第2小题,5分)注册会计师编制审计计划时,应当研究和评价被审计单位的内部控制。(1)请简要说明注册会计师对内部控制研究和评价的三个步骤。(2)请简要说明在何种情况下,注册会计师才能将控制风险评价为低水平。(1)注册会计师对内部控制和评价的三个步骤为:①了解被审计单位的内部控制情况;②实施控制测试;③评价控制风险。(2)注册会计师只有在确认以下事项的情况下,才能将控制风险评价为低水平:①控制政策和程序与会计报表认定相关;②通过控制测试已获得审计证据证明内部控制有效。9.(2001年综合题第1小题,14分)ABC会计师事务所的A和B注册会计师接受委派,对甲上市公司(以下简称甲公司)2000年度会计报表进行审计。甲公司尚未采用计算机记账。A和B注册会计师于2000年11月1日至7日对甲公司的内部控制进行了了解和测试,并在相关审计工作底稿中记录了了解和测试的事项,摘录如下:(1)甲公司产成品发出时,由销售部填制一式四联的销售单。仓库发出产成品后,将第一联出库单留存登记产成品卡片,第二联交销售部留存,第三、第四联交会计部会计人员乙登记产成品总账和明细账。(2)会计人员戊负责开具销售发票。在开具销售发票之前,先核对装运凭证和相应的经批准的销售单,并根据已授权批准的商品价目表填写销售发票的价格,根据装运凭证上的数量填写销售发票的数量。(3)甲公司的材料采购需要经授权批准后方可进行。采购部根据经批准的请购单发出定购单。货物运达后,验收部门根据定购单的要求验收货物,并编制一式多联的未连续编号的验收单,仓库根据验收单验收货物,在验收单上签字后,将货物移入仓库加以保管。验收单上有数量、品名、单价等要素。验收单一联交采购部登记采购明细账和编制付款凭单,付款凭单经批准后,月末交给会计部;一联交会计部登记材料明细账;一联由仓库保留并登记材料明细账。会计部根据只附验收单的付款凭单登记有关账簿。(4)会计部审核付款凭单后支付采购款项。甲公司授权会计部的经理签署支票,经理将其授权给会计人员丁负责,但保留了支票印章,丁根据已适当批准的凭单,在确定支票授权人名称与凭单内容一致后签署支票,并在凭单上加盖 已支付 的印章。对付款控制程序的穿行测试表明A和B注册会计师未发现与公司规定有不一致之处。(5)计划部根据批准,签发预先编号的生产通知单。生产部根据生产通知单填写一式四联的领料单。仓库发料后,其中一联留存,一联连同材料交还领料部,其余两联经仓库登记材料明细账后送会计不进行材料收发核算和成本核算。(6)甲公司股东大会批准董事会的投资权限为1亿元以下。董事会决定由总经理负责实施。总经理决定由证券部负责总而在1亿以下的股票买卖。甲公司规定:公司划入营业部的款项由证券部申请,由会计部审核,总经理批准后划转入公司在营业部开立的资金账户。经总经理批准,证券部直接从营业部账户支取款项。证券买卖、资金存取的会计记录由会计部处理。A和B注册会计师了解和测试投资的内部控制后发现:证券部在某营业部开户的有关协议及补充协议未经会计部或其他部门审核。根据总经理批准,会计部已将8000万元汇入该户。证券部处理证券买卖的会计记录,月底将证券买卖清单交给会计部,会计部据以汇总登记。(7)甲公司控股股东的法定代表人同时兼任甲公司的法定代表人,总经理是聘任的。在公司章程及相关决议中未具体载明股东大会、董事会、经营班子的融资权限和批准程序。 经了解,甲公司由财务部负责融资,2000年根据总经理的批示,向工商银行借入了1亿元贷款。(8)甲公司设立了内部审计部,并直接对董事长负责,每年对子公司和各业务部进行审计,并出具内部审计报告。A和B注册会计师获取了2000年度所有的内部审计报告,经抽查表明,内部审计报告指出了内控存在的缺陷和改进建议。(9)甲公司设立现金出纳员和银行出纳员。银行出纳员负责到银行取送支票等票据,并登记银行存款日记账。月底银行出纳员取得银行对账单并编制银行存款余额调节表。(10)员工根据公司的批准手续报销,会计部对报销单据加以审核,现金出纳员见到加盖核准印章的支出凭据后付款。(1)根据上述摘录,假定未描述的其他内部控制不存在缺陷,请指出甲公司内部控制在设计与运行方面的缺陷并提出改进建议。(2)根据对甲公司的内部控制的了解和测试,请分别指出上述内部控制缺陷与哪些会计报表项目或科目的何种认定相关。

解放军文职招聘考试案例6: 测试一种杀微生物剂-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

发布时间:2017-06-03 10:12:51案例6: 测试一种杀微生物剂Case 6: Testing A Microbicide背景:为了阻止艾滋病这一流行病的传播,当务之急就是扩大妇女能够用来预防性传播疾病的途径,其中包括阴道杀菌剂的使用。阴道杀菌剂将为女性提供保护自己防止感染艾滋病和其它性传播疾病的可能性。理想的阴道杀菌剂应该是安全有效,负担得起,无色无味,易于存储,且可制成各种不同类型,是真正意义上完全由使用者控制的产品。同时,该杀菌剂应存在于避孕和/或非避孕配方中,并且无需医生处方,即可获得。当务之急是开发一种可以为那些急需此药剂的女性提供保护的产品,前提是她们坚持使用此药剂。作为女性的性伙伴,男性同样可以受到杀菌剂的保护,而免受感染。过去的十年间,在杀微生物剂研究和发展方面,已取得重大进展。许多杀微生物剂产品为确定其安全性和毒性,仍处于I期临床试验。目前,只有一种产品,即nonoxynol-9杀精虫剂,正处于III期临床试验,以评估其保护女性不受艾滋病病毒感染的功效。计划中的试验,其目的在于进一步评估该产品的安全性和有效性。这是第一次将是在非性工作者女性人群中展开的大规模的第二期杀微生物剂测试,而且这次的杀微生物剂的配方无避孕功效。该测试将由国际妇女力量组织(PWI)与其他来自东道国一所医科大学的研究者合作完成。此项目的试验地点为两家计划生育诊所。国际妇女力量组织(PWI)资助整修了这两家准备用于研究的诊所, 为求更新实验室器械同时也便于雇佣更多护理和后勤人员。招募及场地选择在此研究开始之前,来自国际妇女力量组织(PWI)的研究人员和东道国医科大学的代表在即将展开此研究的所有诊疗所举行了会议,目的是解释此项研究并从那些可能成为本研究试验对象的妇女处得到反馈。参与此试验的女性必须年满18,加入时HIV必须显阴性,在研究开始前在当地居住需满一年且一年之内无意离开。一名研究人员将征求个人的知情同意,如若需要,还将安排一名翻译,同时,不会从性伙伴处征求同意。因为研究人员认为,这将对妇女的自主权造成伤害。研究人员既不鼓励也不阻止参于研究的妇女告知其男性性伙伴加入此项研究。大约300位妇女将使用此凝胶或安慰剂,为期一年,且一周至少三次置于阴道,并在性交前也需使用。在加入此项试验后,这些妇女每月将来诊所检查是否有过敏迹象,并且接受性传播疾病测试:每三个月,她们将接受HIV测试,并回答一系列有关该产品接受程度的问题。在这几次访谈时,她们也将接受安全性行为咨询服务,免费获取避孕套,以及确保她们理解该测试的要求和目的所进行的咨询服务。同时,在接受HIV测试前,以及如果她们选择测试而获取测试结果之前(参与者有权可以选择不被告知测试结果),她们也将参与测试前和测试后的咨询。如若有参与妇女被检查出患有可治疗的性病时,她们将接受治疗; 如若查出携带艾滋病病毒或/和患有其它疾病时,她将被介绍给当地的服务机构(即第二或/和第三医院或/和社会工作者)并且鼓励她携其性伙伴同往。确诊为HIV阳性的参与者,如果她们选择的话,也可以继续参与此试验,因此退出此研究并不表明参与者已携有HIV病毒。所有参与者都将获得适度的补偿金,每次往返诊所的交通费和水果点心。来自当地社区卫生委员会(该委员会是有地方选举、代表社区卫生事务)的一群妇女,在研究开始前的一次会议上提出了一个重要问题。她们对研究人员在试验期间无需征求性伙伴的知情同意的决定持质疑态度。她们的理由是如若性伙伴发现对方在没有得到自己同意的情况下使用该产品,这将使妇女在性和肉体上可能遭到危险。来自东道国的合作研究人员同样出席了那次会议,他们争辩道如果男性得知对方在使用杀微生物剂后,他们将不会允许对方参与此项研究,所以索求男性的知情同意就会使该研究的另一目的化为泡影,即这项研究旨在测试一种女性控制的方法。1.研究人员是否应该向男性性伙伴征求知情同意?为什么?2.如果试验证明这种凝胶有效的话,研究人员是否有义务使进行研究的社区的所有妇女都获得这种产品?甚至是整个国家的妇女?Case 6: Testing a MicrobicideBackgroundA critical need in stemming the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic is to expand the range of methods that women can use for the prevention of all sexually transmitted infections, including vaginal microbicides.A vaginal microbicide would offer the potential for women to protect themselves from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To be truly female controlled, the ideal microbicide would be effective, safe, acceptable, affordable, colourless, odourless, tasteless, easy to store and use, and available in a variety of preparations. It should also be available in contraceptive and non-contraceptive formulations and obtainable without a prescription. However, because the first microbicide to be developed is unlikely to be an ideal product with all these characteristics, the immediate priority is to develop a microbicide that provides protection if used consistently by those who need it most.The protective benefits of microbicides for male partners have not been studied but researchers believe that a woman s male partner would also be protected from infection. Microbicides have been shown to be effective against many sexually transmitted pathogens in vitro and they appear to be most effective in vivo as prophylaxis against cervical infection by N.gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis and vaginal infection by T. vaginalis.The prospects for developing microbicides are promising. There is growing consensus that developing a microbicide should be technically feasible, and there has been significant progress in microbicide research and development over the last ten years. Many microbicide products are still in the stage of phase I and II testing in order to establish their safety and toxicity. Currently, only one product, nonoxynol-9 (N-9) is being tested in phase III trials to assess its efficacy in protecting women from HIV infection.Despite the established need for a female controlled barrier method, many scientists, pharmaceutical companies and investors remain skeptical about the feasibility of achieving this goal. In part, this uncertainty derives from the lack of conclusive scientific data demonstrating that, as a class, female barrier methods have the potential to reduce the transmission of STIs. Without results from well-controlled clinical trials that test the efficacy of female barrier methods, their potential role in an overall program of HIV prevention will remain subject to debate.Power to Women International (PWI), a US based non-profit research organisation, with a strongly feminist agenda, is planning a study of a microbicide in China. Laboratory tests show that the product blocks HIV attachment to target cells in vitro. The phase I testing of this product was conducted in five countries and results indicated that the product caused no significant signs of irritation and that the women generally found it acceptable and easy to use. It should be noted however, that these women only used the product for 10 days and were not sexually active during this time.The proposed trial is designed to further assess the safety and effectiveness of this product. This is the first large-scale phase II microbicide trial to be done in a population of women who are not sex workers and with a microbicide formulation that is non-contraceptive. It will be conducted by PWI with co-investigators from a medical university in the host country. The project sites are two family planning clinics. PWI has funded the renovation of the two clinics that will be used for the study in order for the laboratory facilities to be upgraded and for more nursing and support staff to be employed.Recruitment and site selectionBefore the start of the study, the researchers from PWI and representatives from the host country university hold meetings in all the clinics in which the study will take place, in order to explain the study and elicit feedback from potential participants.To participate in this trial women must be 18 years or older, HIV negative when they enroll, and resident in the community for at least one year prior to the study, with no intention of leaving for another year. Individual informed consent will be sought from each participant by one of the researchers with the aid of a translator if necessary. Consent will not be sought from male partners as the researchers felt that this would undermine women s autonomy. They neither encouraged nor discouraged the women from informing their partners of their involvement in the study.Approximately 300 women will use the gel or placebo for approximately one year by applying it vaginally at least three times weekly as well as before intercourse. After enrolling in the trial, women will come to the clinic monthly to be examined for signs of irritation and tested for sexually transmitted infections; every three months they will be tested for HIV and asked a series of product acceptability questions. At these visits the women will receive safer-sex counselling, free condoms, and counselling to ensure that they understand the trial requirements and objectives. Prior to being tested for HIV and receiving their results if they choose (women have the option not to get their results), they will engage in pre- and post-test counselling. If a woman is found to have a treatable STD she will receive treatment; if she is found to have HIV or another condition she will be referred to health and support services (secondary/tertiary hospitals or social workers) available in the local area and will be encouraged to take her partner with her. Women diagnosed as HIV positive can continue to participate in the trial if they choose, so that leaving the trial does not signify HIV serostatus. All participants will receive modest monetary compensation for time and transport for each visit, as well as refreshments.A group of women from the community health committee, a locally elected body that represents the community in health matters, raises an important concern during one of the pre study meetings. They disagree with the decision of the researchers not to get informed consent from the male partners of women in the trial. They reason that this might place women at risk for sexual and physical abuse if their partner discovers that they are using the product without their consent.The co-investigators from the host country, also present at the meeting, argue that if the men are informed about the microbicide, they will not allow their partners to take part in the study. Seeking male consent would also negate one purpose of the study, which is to test a female controlled method.Questions1.Should investigators seek informed consent from male partners? Why?2.If this gel proves to be effective, do the researchers have any obligation to make it available to all women in the study communities? All women in the country?