军队文职文职人员考试真题_军队文职考试

解放军文职招聘考试《英语国家概况》考试真题及参考答案（2009-2005） 全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试 英语国家概况试题-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

解放军文职招聘考试《英语国家概况》考试真题及参考答案（2009-2005）全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题发布时间：2017-05-2110:41:43《英语国家概况》考试真题及参考答案（2009-2005）全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1.Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIslesrefersto_______.A.GreatBritainB.IrelandC.theUnitedKingdomD.GreatBritainandIreland2.WhichofthefollowingkingswasresponsibleforthecompleteestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland?A.EdwardIB.HenryIIC.AlfredtheGreatD.WilliamtheConqueror3.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwas______.A.alimitationofthepowersofthekingB.aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheserfsC.alimitationofthepowersoftheChurchD.adeclarationofequalityamongallpeople4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheresultoftheBlackDeath?A.Muchlandwasleftuntended.B.Therewasaterribleshortageoflabour.C.Thesurvivingpeasantshadlosttheirpowerofbargaining.D.Landownerstendedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming.5.TheWarofRosesthattookplacefrom1455to1485wasfoughtbetween______.A.BritainandFranceB.theParliamentandtheCrownC.theworkingpeopleandthearistocratsD.twobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily6.TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,anditachieveditsfinestexpressionintheso-called______.A.RomanticpoetryB.RomanticfictionC.ElizabethanpoetryD.Elizabethandrama7.Britishconstitutionalmonarchyisasystemunderwhichthepowersofthe______arelimitedbyParliamentortheconstitution.A.churchB.kingorqueenC.governmentministersD.Bishopscourt8.TheToriesinBritainweretheforerunnersof______,whichstillbearsthisnicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalPartyC.theConservativePartyD.theSocialDemocraticParty9.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTincludedinthesix-pointdemandoftheChartistMovement?A.EqualelectoraldistrictsB.VotingbysecretballotC.ThevoteforalladultmalesD.Thevoteforalladultfemales10.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,Britainwasalliedwith______.A.TurkeyB.theCentralPowersC.FranceandRussiaD.GermanyandAustria-Hungary11.WhowasthemanthatledBritaininthecrisisoftheSecondWorldWar?A.GeorgeVIB.TheodoreRooseveltC.NevilleChamberlainD.SirWinstonChurchill12.ThenewpoliciesadoptedbyMrs.ThatcherandConservativeGovernmentafterthe1979electionwasknownas______.A.ThatcherismB.theNewDealC.NewFrontierD.Keynesianism13.Overthepastonethousandyears,theBritish______hasbeenbrokenonlyoncebetween1649and1660.A.CabinetB.ParliamentC.MonarchyD.PrivyCouncil14.WhohasthepowertoappointthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.TheQueenB.TheParliamentC.TheHouseofLordsD.TheChurchofEngland15.InBritain,afullmeetingof______iscalledonlywhenaSovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theParliamentC.theHouseofCommonsD.theHouseofLords16.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinvolvedintheBritishjudicialresponsibilities?A.AttorneyGeneralB.MinistryofJusticeC.TheLordChancellorD.TheHomeSecretary17.BankholidaysinBritainreferto______.A.officialpublicholidaysB.holidaysforthebanksonlyC.publicholidaysexceptforthebanksD.holidaysforthefinancialinstitutionsonly18.WhichstatementabouttheBritishuniversitiesisNOTtrue?A.Theyenjoyacademicfreedom.B.Theycannotappointtheirownstaff.C.Theyaregovernedbyroyalcharters.D.Theyprovidetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.19.______,themostpopularsportinEnglandaswellasinEurope,hasitstraditionalhomeinEnglandwhereitwasdevelopedinthe19thcentury.A.BasketballB.TennisC.FootballD.Baseball20.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.thePrimeMinisterB.theLordChancellorC.theHomeSecretaryD.theAttorneyGeneral21.WhichstatementaboutthePuritansisNOTtrue?A.ThePuritansdidnotallowreligiousdissent.B.ThePuritanswerepoorartisansandunskilledpeasants.C.TheyweredissatisfiedwiththepoliticalcorruptioninEngland.D.TheywenttotheUnitedStatestoestablishwhattheyconsideredthetruechurch.22.ThelargestracialandethnicminorityintheU.S.isthe______,whichaccountsover12.1%ofthepopulation.A.blacksB.AsiansC.IndiansD.Hispanics23.Thethreewell-knownauthorswhopennedtheFederalistPapersare______.A.ThomasJefferson,JamesMadisonandJohnJayB.GeorgeWashington,JamesMadisonandJohnJayC.AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnJayD.AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnAdams24.WhenAbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresident,thesouthernstatesbrokeawayandformedanewnationcalled______.A.theSouthernStatesofAmericaB.theFederalistStatesofAmericaC.theConfederateStatesofAmericaD.theAnti-confederateStatesofAmerica25.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandextensionofrailroadnetworkintheearly20thcenturyintheU.S.A.,thereappeared______.A.arapidgrowthofcitiesB.aninfluxofforeigngoodsC.anincreaseofurbanghettosD.agreatincreaseinthenumberoffarms26.Intheearly19thcentury,______activelyusedtheShermanAntitrustActtostopmonopolisticbusinessmergersintheUnitedStates.A.J.P.MorganB.WoodrowWilsonC.HenryRockefellerD.TheodoreRoosevelt27.TheRedScarein1919and1920wasatypicalexampleofAmerican______.A.religiousintoleranceB.intolerantnationalismC.ProgressiveMovementD.deregulationofbigtrusts28.Intheearly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationist,butthe______suddenlychangedthewholesituation,whichpropelledtheU.S.intotheSecondWorldWar.A.PearlHarborattackB.bombingofGuamislandC.seizingofAmericanmerchantshipsD.sinkingofAmericanpassengerships29.In1962,President______finallydecidedontheuseofnavalforcetopreventmilitarymaterialandarmsfromenteringCubaanddemandedSovietremovalofthemissilesthere.A.NixonB.TrumanC.JohnsonD.Kennedy30.In1853,inthe______,another30,000squaremilesofMexicanlandwereaddedtotheterritoryoftheU.S.A.A.AtlanticPurchaseB.MexicanPurchaseC.GadsdenPurchaseD.LouisianaPurchase31.ThefourproblemsthatfacetheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesare______.A.unemployment,inflation,financialcrisisandtradedeficitB.unemployment,inflation,financialdeficitandtradedeficitC.mortgagelosses,inflation,financialdeficitandtradedeficitD.unemployment,marketfailures,financialdeficitandtradedeficit32.WhichstatementabouttheU.S.ConstitutionisNOTtrue?A.Itisthesupremelawoftheland.B.Itistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.C.Itwasadoptedin1781attheSecondContinentalCongress.D.Itprovidesthebasisforpoliticalstability,economicgrowthandsocialprogress.33.TheAmericanPresidentusuallytakesanoathofoffice,administeredbythe______oftheUnitedStatesinJanuary.A.ChiefJusticeB.HouseSpeakerC.SecretaryofStateD.SenateMajorityLeader34.TheU.S.Constitutionprovidesthatthe______shallbePresidentoftheSenate.A.VicePresidentB.SecretaryofStateC.SenateMajorityLeaderD.SenateMinorityLeader35.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTgovernment-runattheU.S.federallevel?A.MotorvehicleB.TheroadsystemC.NationaldefenseD.Thepostalservice36.ItisgenerallyagreedthatU.S.highereducationbeganwiththe______.A.CivilWarB.IndependenceWarC.foundingofHarvardCollegeD.foundingofPrincetonUniversity37.FormaleducationintheUnitedStatesconsistsof______.A.kindergarten,juniorandsenioreducationB.junior,elementaryandsecondaryeducationC.elementary,secondaryandhighereducationD.kindergarten,secondaryandhighereducation38.InhisOldManandtheSea,ErnestHemingway______.A.expressestheideaoffacingdefeatcourageouslyB.showsthebasicgoodnessandwisdomofordinarypeopleC.praisestheideasofequalityanddemocracyandthejoyofcommonpeopleD.describesthesharpcontrastofwealthandpovertyinChicagoandNewYork39.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,______wasthecenterofAmericanwriting.A.BostonB.DetroitC.NewYorkCityD.Philadelphia40.ThemostimportantpatrioticholidayintheU.S.is______.A.HalloweenB.VeteransDayC.ThanksgivingDayD.IndependenceDay41.ThecapitalcityofIrelandis______.A.CorkB.DublinC.GalwayD.Waterford42.Historically,Irelandhasbeenfreeofethnicconflictsbecauseofits______.A.racialunityB.racialhomogeneityC.multi-culturalismD.highrateofemigration43.IrelandhasthefollowingdemographicfeaturesEXCEPT______.A.alatemarriageageB.anexcessoffemalesinthepopulationC.ahighproportionofbachelorsandspinstersofallagesD.alowbirthratecompoundedbyacenturyofemigration44.WhichofthefollowingisatypicalbilingualcityinCanada?A.OttawaB.CalgaryC.TorontoD.Vancouver45.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutimmigrationinCanadaisNOTtrue?A.Itisestimatedthatone-thirdofCanadianswereborninothercountries.B.Immigrationhasalwaysbeenanimportantsourceofitspopulationgrowth.C.Immigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofitseconomy.D.inthepastBritainandWesternEuropeweretheprincipalsourcesofCanadianimmigration.46.Intermsoflandarea,Canadaisthe______largestcountryintheworld.A.secondB.thirdC.fourthD.fifth47.TheheadofstateofAustraliais______.A.theGovernorB.thePresidentC.thePrimeMinisterD.theQueenofEngland48.______istheonlycityonthewesterncoastofAustraliawithapopulationofoveronemillion.A.PerthB.SydneyC.BrisbaneD.Melbourne49.A______,wheretwopartsoftheearthscrustmeet,runsthelengthofNewZealand.A.faultlineB.builtareaC.dormantvolcanoD.geothermalarea50.TheTreatyofWaitangiin1840wasanagreementbetween______.A.theMaoriwhalersandtheBritishCrownB.theMaoripeopleandtheBritishmissionariesC.theMaoritradersandtheBritishmissionariesD.thechiefsoftheMaoripeopleandtheBritishCrownII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatarethemainfunctionsoftheBritishParliament?52.WhatwerethetwocountriesElizabethIsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherfornearly30years?53.WhatwastheoutcomeoftheEnglishCivilWar?54.WhatarethethreemainChristianfestivalsintheU.K.?55.WhatwerethethreecornerstonesofAmericanpostwareconomicboom?56.WhatwasthemostimportantdocumentproducedbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswhenPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972?57.WhatisthemostcentralfunctionoftheU.S.Congress?58.WhatarethetwomajorpartiesthatdominateAmericanpoliticsatthefederal,stateandlocallevels?59.WhatarethetwoofficiallanguagesusedinIreland?60.WhoarethenativepeoplelivinginAustralia?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.OpenUniversity62.TheSpeaker(oftheHouseofCommonsinBritain)63.Muckrakers64.Thestockmarketcrashof19292009年试题参考答案I.1.C2.D3.A4.C5.D6.D7.B8.C9.D10.C11.D12.A13.C14.A15.A16.B17.A18.B19.C20.C21.B22.A23.C24.C25.A26.D27.B28.A29.D30.C31.B32.C33.A34.A35.A36.C37.C38.A39.C40.D41.B42.B43.B44.A45.A46.A47.D48.A49.A50.DII.51.Theyarelaw-making,authorizingtaxationandpublicexpenditures,andexaminingtheactionsofthegovernment.52.FranceandSpain.53.KingCharlesIwasdefeatedandexecuted.ThenaCommonwealthwasdeclaredbyOliverCromwellandhebecametheLordProtector.54.TheyareChristmas,Easter,andWhitSunday.55.Theyaretheautomobile,housing,anddefenseindustries.56.ItwastheShanghaiCommuniqu.57.Itisthepassofthelaw.58.TheyaretheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty.59.TheyareIrish(ortheGaelic)andEnglish.60.TheyaretheAboriginals.III.61.OpenUniversity:TheOpenUniversityisanon-residentialuniversity.Itissonamedbecauseitisopentoalltobecomestudents.TheUniversitywasfoundedin1969andbeganitsfirstcoursesin1970.TheUniversityoffersdegreeandothercoursesforadultstudentsofallagesinBritainandtheothermembercountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.Itusesacombinationofspeciallyproducedprintedtexts,correspondencetuition,televisionandradiobroadcastsandaudio/videocassettes.62.TheSpeaker(oftheHouseofCommonsinBritain):TheSpeakerisamemberwhoisacceptabletoallshadesofopinionintheHouse.IncarryingouthisorherdutiestheSpeakerisrequiredtobeimpartial;heorshecannotdebateor,asageneralrule,voteonameasure,anditishisorherdutytoseethatallpointsofviewshaveafairhearing.63.Muckrakers:Muckrakersrefertoagroupofreform-mindedjournalistsattheturnofthe20thcentury,whomadeinvestigationsandexposedvariousdarksidesoftheseeminglyprosperoussociety.64.Thestockmarketcrashof1929:OnOctober24,1929,theNewYorkstockmarketcrashed.ItwascalledBlackThursdaybecauseitwasthebeginningofalongeconomicdepression.TheGreatDepressionhadfar-reachingconsequences.Itsweptthroughtheglobequickly.Therateofunemploymentincreasedrapidly.Agreatdealofcompaniesandbusinessesclosedandwentintobankruptcy.Americaneconomydidn"trecoveruntiltheNewDealwasputforward.全国2008年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522Ⅰ.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1．Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworldspeopleand______oftheworldslandarea.A．halfB．onethirdC．onefourthD．onefifth2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheCeltsisNOTtrue?A．Theywereironworkers.B．Theywerepracticedfarmers.C．TheyspokeAnglo-SaxonEnglish.D．Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlandsandbuilthouses.3．Thespiritofthe______wasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking.A．BookofConcordB．MagnaCartaC．DomesdayBookD．commonlaw4．______wasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreforminEngland.A．AlfredtheGreatB．EdwardⅠC．HenryⅧD．WilliamtheConqueror5．ThenameWarsoftheRoseswas,infact,coinedbythegreat19thcenturynovelist______.A．SirThomasBrowneB．SirMaxBeerbohmC．SirWalterScottD．SirNormanAngell6．ElizabethsrelationshipwithParliamentwasoften______.A．peacefulB．turbulentC．cooperativeD．harmonious7．______wasgenerallyconsideredthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes,coveringtheyearsc.1350-c.1650.A．TheReformationB．TheRenaissanceC．TheRestorationD．TheGloriousRevolution8．Looselyspeaking,______werethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists.A．theWhigsB．theToriesC．themembersoftheLaborPartyD．themembersoftheConservativeParty9．AsaresultoftheagricultureenclosureinEnglandinthelate18thcentury,______.A．dietbecamelessvariedB．theEnglishtenantsgotbenefitsC．farmsbecamesmallerandsmallerD．peasantfarmershadtolookforworkintowns10．Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesoftheSecondWorldWaristhat______.A．itimprovedBritisheconomyB．itstrengthenedtheBritishEmpireC．ithastenedtheendoftheBritishEmpireD．ithastenedtheendoftheBritishCommonwealth11．ThePrimeMinisterofBritainwas______.A．appointedbytheQueenB．electedbytheParliamentC．voteddirectlybythepeopleofthecountryD．selectedfromthemembersoftheParliament12．ApartfromBritain,theQueenisalsotheheadofstateofthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT______.A．AustraliaB．CanadaC．NewZealandD．SouthAfrica13．IntheU.K.,thepublicareadmittedto______intheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.A．theStrangersGalleriesB．theTateGalleryC．theNationalGalleryD．theStateGalleries14．InBritain,thepositionof______istraditionallyheldbythePrimeMinister.A．MinisterofDefenseB．FirstLordoftheTreasuryC．LordChancellorD．MinisterofEducation15．______isNOTthefunctionoftheBritishParliament.A．ExaminingandmakinglawsB．ExaminingtheactionsofthegovernmentC．AuthorizingtaxationandpublicexpenditureD．MaintainingthesupremeauthorityoftheSovereign16．No.10DowningStreetinLondonis______.A．theofficialresidenceoftheQueenB．theofficebuildingofLordChancellorC．themeetingplaceoftheBritishParliamentD．theofficialresidenceofBritishPrimeMinister17．TherearetwoestablishedChurchesinBritain,thatis,______.A．theChurchofWalesandtheChurchofIrelandB．theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofWalesC．theChurchofScotlandandtheChurchofIrelandD．theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofScotland18．______isapublicholidayinBritain.A．TheNationalDayB．GuyFawkesDayC．BoxingDayD．AprilFoolsDay19．______newspapersaredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.A．QualityB．PopularC．Mid-marketD．Tabloid20．ThePrivyCouncilincludes______.A．allCabinetministersB．alltheArchbishopsinBritainC．allmembersoftheHouseofLordsD．allmembersoftheHouseofCommons21．______ofNewYorkusedtobeanimportantimmigrationreceptionspot.A．EllisIslandB．ManhattanC．BrooklynD．LongIsland22．______totheConstitution,asthefoundationoftheAmericanconstitutionalsystem,werecalledtheBillofRights.A．ThefirstthreeamendmentsB．ThefirstfiveamendmentsC．ThefirsttenamendmentsD．Thefirsttwelveamendments23．Aftermuchdebate,theCompromiseof1850waspassed,whichallowed______tobeacceptedasafreestate.A．UtahB．CaliforniaC．LouisianaD．NewMexico24．TheArticlesofConfederationin1781wasunusualbecauseitprovidedfor______.A．nokingB．astrongcentralgovernmentC．civilrightsD．taxationpowers25．TheFederalistPapersareregardedasthebestexplanationofthe______.A．19thAmendmentB．ArticlesofConfederationC．BillofRightsD．U.S.Constitution26．AftertheCivilWar,______becameastrongtrendinAmericaneconomy.A．disappearanceofprivatebusinessB．increaseincapitalinvestmentC．monopolybybigbusinessD．nationalizationofenterprises27．ThePeaceConferencein1919wasdominatedbytheBigFour,thatis,______.A．theUnitedStates,Britain,SpainandItalyB．theUnitedStates,Japan,FranceandItalyC．theUnitedStates,Britain,FranceandItalyD．theUnitedStates,Britain,FranceandRussia28．TheGreatDepressionin1929wascausedbyallthefollowingBUT______.A．stockmarketspeculationB．over-expansionofcreditC．toomuchinvestmentincompaniesD．lackofstabilityinthebankingsystem29．Inhisinauguralspeech,______saidthattheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.A．LyndonJohnsonB．TheodoreRooseveltC．JohnF.KennedyD．FranklinRoosevelt30．TheSecondWorldWarcametoanendin______.A．1945B．1946C．1947D．194931．In1947theTrumanAdministrationdecidedtoprovideaidfor______topreventthesetwocountriesfromfallingintothehandsoftheSovietUnion.A．PolandandRomaniaB．GermanyandItalyC．theU.K.andFranceD．GreeceandTurkey32．Since1945theUnitedStateshadenteredatwenty-five-yearperiodofeconomicboom,butits______industrydidnotexperiencegreatdevelopment.A．automobileB．aerospaceC．housingD．defense33．The______turnedouttobeAmericaslongestwarithadeverfought.A．FirstWorldWarB．SecondWorldWarC．KoreanWarD．VietnamWar34．TheU.S.ConstitutionallowsthePresidenttogive______andpardonsinfederalcriminalcases.A．absolutionsB．reprievesC．testimoniesD．amnesties35．IntheU.S.eachlocalschooldistricthasagoverningboardwhichisusually______.A．electedbythevotersB．chosenfromtheteachingstaffC．selectedfromthelocalcommunityD．appointedbythecountymagistrate36．InAmerica,theConstitutionprovidesthat______shallbePresidentoftheSenate.A．theSpeakeroftheHouseB．theSecretaryofStateC．theChiefJusticeD．theVicePresident37．HighereducationintheUnitedStatesbeganwiththefoundingof______in1636.A．MITB．YaleUniversityC．HarvardCollegeD．PrincetonUniversity38．TheodoreDreiserwastheliteraryrepresentativeofAmerican______.A．RomanticistsB．TranscendentalistsC．ModernistsD．Naturalists39．InhisOldManandtheSea,Hemingwaypraisestheoldfishermans______.A．couragetoacceptmiseryinlifeB．attitudetowardsdefeatandfailureC．couragetofightmonstersintheseaD．attitudetowardstherisksofhighseas40．OneofthegoalssetbyPresidentBushinhisplanAmerica2000is______.A．increasingtheadultliteracyrateB．eliminatingdrugsandviolenceatschoolC．betteringallthestudentsforeignlanguagesD．improvingthehigh-schoolgraduationrateto80%41．QuebecdiffersfromotherCanadianprovincesbecause______.A．itisveryrichinoilB．itisidealforwheatgrowingC．ithasastrongFrenchcultureD．itstouristtradeisveryimportanttotheeconomy42．In1885,Canadawaslinkedfromcoasttocoastbecause______.A．acanalwasconstructedB．manyexpresswayswerebuiltC．anationalhighwaywasfinishedD．theCanadianPacificRailwaywascompleted43．______,thesecondlargestcityofCanada,islocatedinQuebec.A．MontrealB．VancouverC．TorontoD．Ottawa44．Adelaideisinternationallywell-known______.A．foritsartsfestivalB．foritsleadingroleinlumberingC．foritsmostprosperousagricultureD．foritsproductionofhalfoftheworldsopals45．Sydney,thelargestcityinAustralia,isthecapitalof______.A．VictoriaB．QueenslandC．SouthAustraliaD．NewSouthWales46．MostofthelandinAustraliasruralareasisused______.A．forgrazingsheepandcattleB．fordamsandfarmbuildingsC．forgrowingvegetablesandsugarcanesD．forgrowingcropslikewheatandothergrains47．AccordingtotheWaitangiTreaty,iftheMaoriswanttosellland,only______willhavetherighttobuy.A．theMaoristhemselvesB．theCrownC．theBritishcitizensD．thelocalgovernment48．ThenaturaldisastersinNewZealandmayinclude______.A．earthquakes,volcanoesandfloodingB．volcanoes,floodingandheavysnowsC．earthquakes,flooding,andheavysnowsD．volcanoes,heavysnowsandearthquakes49．Duringthe19thcentury,______wasamostimportantreasonforacentury-longpopulationdeclineinIreland.A．warB．floodC．famineD．earthquake50．Today93%oftheIrishpopulationare______.A．PuritansB．RomanCatholicsC．AnglicansD．ChristiansII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhendidtherecordedhistoryofBritainbegin?52.WhatwasthemilitarysignificanceofthedestructionoftheSpanishArmadaforBritain?53.HowmanyMembersofParliamentdoestheHouseofCommonsintheU.K.consistof?54.Pleasewriteanythreeofthe13coloniestheBritishestablishedalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmericabetween1607and1733.55.WhatarethethreebranchesintheU.S.federalgovernment?56.WhatdoesIBMstandfor?57.OnwhichsidedidCanadafightduringWWⅡ?58.WhatkindsofvegetationaresuitableforthehotdryclimateinAustralia?59.WhatispartlythereasonforNewZealandtohavechangeableweatherandtobeoftenwindy?60.WhatwastheresultofgrowingIrishnationalismintheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.bankholidays62.constitutionalmonarchy63.Notaxationwithoutrepresentation64.theU.S.Federalsystem2008年试题参考答案Ⅰ.1．C2．C3．B4．C5．C6．B7．B8．A9．D10．C11．A12．D13．A14．B15．D16．D17．D18．C19．A20．A21．A22．C23．B24．A25．D26．C27．C28．C29．D30．A31．D32．B33．D34．B35．A36．D37．C38．D39．B40．B41．C42．D43．A44．A45．D46．A47．B48．A49．C50．BII.51.BritishrecordedhistorybeganwiththeRomaninvasionaround55BC.52.ItshowedEngland"ssuperiorityasanavalpower.53.Itconsistsof651MembersofParliament.54.Virginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.(Anythreenamesoftheaboveareacceptable.)55.Theyarethelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicialbranches.56.ItstandsforInternationalBusinessMachines.57.CanadafoughtasanallyofBritain(1939-1945).58.SmallplantssuchasgrassesandshrubsratherthanforestsaresuitableforthehotdryclimateinAustralia.59.BecauseNewZealandisanislandinsouthernlatitudes,ithaschangeableweatheranditisoftenwindy.60.Irishnationalismbecamestrongerandevenmoreviolentintheearlydecadesofthe20thcenturyandclimaxedintheEasternUprisingof1916inwhichanIrishRepublicwasproclaimed.III.61.Bankholidaysarealsocalledofficialpublicholidays.ThetermBankHolidaygoesbacktotheBankHolidaysActof1871,whichowesitsnametothefactthatbanksareclosedonthedaysspecified.62.Aconstitutionalmonarchyisacountryinwhichtheheadofthestateisakingoraqueen.Inpractice,theSovereignreignsbutdoesnotrule.63.ThepeopleintheBritishcoloniesopposedtheunfairtreatmentbytheBritishgovernment.Theydeclared,Notaxationwithoutrepresentation,thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecision-making,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxestoBritain.64.TheU.S.Constitutionsetsupafederalsystemofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule.Thereiscentralorfederalgovernmentforthenationwhichalonehasthepowertoanswerquestionsthataffectthenationasawhole.Therearealsostateandlocalgovernments.EachlayerofgovernmenthasseparateanddistinctpowerslaiddownintheConstitution.全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522I．Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofElizabethI?A．Herreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.B．HerreligiousreformwaswelcomedbyboththePuritansandardentCatholics.C．ShedesiredthatthereshouldbeoutwardconformitytotheEstablishedreligion.D．ShebrokeMarystieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland.2．TheRestorationinEnglishhistorytookplacein_______.A．1042B．1066C．1606D．16603．Historically,_______wereferociouspeople,buttheylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.A．theCeltsB．theVikingsC．theAnglo-SaxonsD．theNormans4．William,DukeofNormandy,isnowknownas_________.A．WilliamRufusB．WilliamtheConfessorC．WilliamtheGreatD．WilliamtheConqueror5．InBritain,theToriesweretheforerunnersof_______whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A．theSocialandDemocraticLiberalPartyB．theLiberalPartyC．theLaborPartyD．theConservativeParty6．ThepersonwhowasresponsibleforthereligiousReformationofEnglandinthe16thcenturywas_________.A．EdwardVIIIB．HenryVIIIC．ElizabethID．EdwardVI7．QueenMaryTudorhasbeenknownasBloodyMarybecauseunderherreign________.A．aseriesofbloodywarswerefoughtB．manyProtestantswerepersecutedandburntashereticsC．manyrebelpeasantswereputtodeathD．manyprotestersagainstherrulewerekilled8．The_______developedlaterintotheLordsandtheCommonsknownasParliament.A．WitanB．PrivyCouncilC．PublicRecordsOfficeD．GreatCouncil9．InBritain,________isthesymbolofthewholenation.A．theQueenB．thePrimeMinisterC．thePrinceD．theParliament10．EasteristhechiefChristianfestival,whichcelebrates________.A．thebirthofJesusChristB．theResurrectionofJesusChristC．thecomingofspringD．therevivalofChristianity11．TheEnglishking,whogaveuphiscrownforthesakeofamarriagewithWallisSimpson,was_______.A.HenryⅧB．EdwardⅧC．GeorgeⅥD．JamesⅥ12．ThosewhotriedtodestroythehatedmachinesduringtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionwerecalled______.A．DestroyersB．BreakersC．UnionistsD．Luddites13．ThegreatKingofWessexwhofoughtagainsttheinvasionoftheDanesinthe9thcenturywasknownas_______.A．HengistB．AlfredtheGreatC．thePilgrimD．KingofPicts14．TheSevenYearsWar(17561763)wasfoughtbetweenBritainand_______forthecolonizationinNorthAmerica.A．SpainB．RussiaC．HollandD．France15．InBritain,thenationalnewspaperscanbedividedintotwogroups:_______.A．dailypapersandweeklypapersB．dailypapersandSundaypapersC．weeklypapersandmonthlypapersD．weeklypapersandquarterlypapers16．ThePeoplesCharterwasdrawnupby_______astheirdemands.A．theLondonWorkingMensAssociationB．theBritishSteelCorporationC．theactivistsintheChartistMovementD．theTradeUnion17．Mrs.MargaretThatcher,aConservativePartyleaderinthe1980s,believedinthefollowingEXCEPT_______.A．self-relianceB．privatizationC．thestrengtheningofthetradeunionsD．thekeepingoflawandorder18．ThetwomaintiersoflocalauthoritythroughoutEnglandandWalesare______.A．countiesanddistrictsB．citiesandtownsC．citiesandvillagesD．citiesandshires19．InBritain,officialpublicholidaysarealsocalled______.A．religiousholidaysB．saintsholidaysC．memorialholidaysD．bankholidays20．TheEnglishChannelseparatestheislandofGreatBritainfrom______.A．DenmarkB．BelgiumC．theNetherlandsD．France21．MostofthefirstChineseimmigrantswhocametotheUnitedStatesbetween18501880settleddownin______.A．FloridaB．WashingtonC．CaliforniaD．NewJersey22．InSeptember,1774theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldin______,whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.A．NewYorkB．BostonC．PhiladelphiaD．Concord23．DuringtheAmericanwestwardmovement,DemocraticpoliticianJohnL.OSullivanproducedthefamoustheoryof______.A．IsolationismB．GoodNeighborPolicyC．SocialDarwinismD．ManifestDestiny24．TheAmericanConstitutionwasfinallyadoptedin1789byanarrowmarginontheunderstandingthat______aftertheConstitutioncameintoforce.A．WashingtonwouldbepresidentoftheU.S.B．theHouseofRepresentativeswouldbeelectedbyeachstateC．aBillofRightswouldbeamendedD．eachstatewouldbeequallyrepresentedintheSenate25．In1972,U.S.President______visitedChina,whichledtotheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationswithChinainJanuary1979.A．RonaldReaganB．RichardNixonC．JimmyCarterD．GeraldFord26．Whichworkpraisedtheideaofequalityanddemocracyandalsocelebratedthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman?A．LeavesofGrassbyWaltWhitman.B．Self-reliancebyRalphWaldoEmerson.C．LifeontheMississippibyMarkTwain.D．SisterCarriebyTheodoreDreiser.27．TheConstitutionrequiresthePresidenttobeanatural-bornAmericancitizenatleast______yearsofage.A．30B．35C．40D．4528．OnApril30thof1789,GeorgeWashingtontooktheoathofofficein______whichhousedthefirstAmericangovernment.A．NewYorkB．WashingtonC．PhiladelphiaD．Boston29．WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbePresidentWilsonsachievementsinhisprogramofNewFreedom?A．Makingloansavailabletofarmersatlowrates.B．Adoptinganincometax.C．Regulatingtrustsbystatingclearlytheunfairbusinesspractices.D．Regulatingrailroadpricesandtheirrebates.30．IntheU.S.the______referstothepeoplebornintheperiod19461964.A．lostgenerationB．megenerationC．blue-collargenerationD．babyboomgeneration31．TheconferencethatdecidedtosetupaworldorganizationtheUnitedNationswasheldin______.A．TeheranB．CairoC．YaltaD．Washington32．ThePresidentoftheUnitedStatescanissuerules,regulationsandinstructions,whicharecalled______.A．legalactsB．standingordersC．verdictsD．executiveorders33．ThepoliticaltheoryofAmericanRevolutioncamefromthewell-knownphilosopher______.A．ThomasJeffersonB．ThomasPaineC．AlexanderHamiltonD．JohnLocke34．WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheGreatDepressioninthe1930s?A．Billionsofdollarsofpaperprofitswerewipedoutwithinafewdays.B．Miseryandpersonalsufferingswerewidespread.C．Manylosttheirlandandotherpropertiesbecauseofforeclosures.D．Thestockmarketcrashwasthebeginningoflongeconomicrecovery.35．DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,thevictoryat______provedtobetheturningpointfortheUnionArmy.A．HarrisburgB．GettysburgC．LexingtonD．FortSumter36．WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheAmericanIndians?A．Heavydrinkingandsuicideratesarefarabovethenationalaverages.B．TheaveragelifeexpectancyofIndiansisaround50years.C．AlltheAmericanIndiansarenowlivinginthegovernmentreservations.D．OnefourthoftheIndianfamilieslivebelowthepovertylevel.37．TheAmericanStandardOilCompanywasfoundedby______.A．JohnRockefellerB．duPontC．J.P.MorganD．AndrewCarnegie38．AtypicalexampleofAmericanintolerantnationalismfrom19191920was______thatexaggeratedthedangerofCommunism.A．McCarthyismB．theKuKluxKlanC．theRedScareD．Desegregation39．Currentlybetween80%and90%ofimmigrantstotheU.S.arefrom______countries.A．AsianandAfricanB．EuropeanandHispanicC．AsianandHispanicD．ScandinavianandAsian40．______istheonlyorganizationwhichhasthepowertointerprettheU.S.Constitution.A．TheSupremeCourtB．TheDepartmentofStateC．TheHouseofRepresentativesD．TheSenate41．______isBritishColumbiaslargestcityandthethirdlargestcityinCanada.A．VancouverB．TorontoC．QuebecCityD．Montreal42．AlmosthalfthelandareaofCanadaiscoveredby______.A．forestsB．desertsC．swampsD．bogs43．DuringWorldWarII,Canadafoughtasanallyof______withnearlyonemillionpeopleservinginthearmedforces.A．GermanyB．SwissC．ItalyD．Britain44．InAustralia______hasthecountrysrichestfarmlandandbestgrazingland.A．theGreatWesternPlateauB．theEasternHighlandsC．theCentralEasternLowlandsD．theOutback45．InrecentyearsAustraliangovernmentshaveencouragedpeoplewithdifferentethnicbackgroundstokeeptheirowncultures.Thispolicyiscalled______.A．assimilationB．integrationC．multiculturalismD．alienation46．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutAustraliaisNOTtrue?A．Itliessouthoftheequator.B．Itistheworldssmallestcontinent.C．Itistheflattestandlowestcontinent.D．Itisthecontinentthatcontainsmorethanonecountry.47．ThefirstEuropeantovisitNewZealandwasa/an______,AbelTasman.A．EnglishmanB．DutchmanC．FrenchmanD．German48．______isthecapitalofNewZealand.A．AucklandB．WellingtonC．TorontoD．Montreal49．WhichstatementisNOTtrueaboutIreland?A．Irelandisdividedintotwopoliticalunits.B．NorthernIrelandispartoftheUnitedKingdom.C．TheRepublicofIrelandisanindependentcountry.D．IrelandiscalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseofitsrichdepositofemeralds.50．ThelargestriverinIrelandisthe______,whichprovideselectricpowerformuchoftheRepublic.A．MissouriRiverB．ShannonRiverC．SevernRiverD．ThamesRiverII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatistheofficialnameofGreatBritain?52.WhatdoesOxbridgerefertoinGreatBritain?53.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofBritishgovernmenteducationdepartments?54.WhatdoesSATstandfor?55.Whatarethetwomostimportantactspassedinthe1960sthathelpedtoimprovethepoliticalequalityoftheblackpeople?56.Whatisknownasthewinner-take-allsystem?57.WhatdoesACTstandforinAustralianpoliticaldivision?58.WhydoesNewZealandremaingreenalltheyearround?59.Whatarethethreemaingroupsofsettlerslivingnorthof55degreenorthlatitudeinCanada?60.WhatisthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape,whichcoversallthemountainsandlargeareasoflowlands?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.theIndustrialRevolution62.theCommonwealth63.checksandbalances64.ElectoralCollege2007年试题参考答案Ⅰ.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.D6.B7.B8.D9.A10.B11.B12.D13.B14.D15.B16.A17.C18.A19.D20.D21.C22.C23.D24.C25.B26.A27.B28.A29.D30.D31.C32.D33.D34.D35.B36.C37.A38.C39.C40.A41.A42.A43.D44.C45.C46.D47.B48.B49.D50.BII.51.TheofficialnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.52.ItreferstotheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge.53.Theyformulateeducationpoliciesandarealsoresponsibleforthesupplyandtrainingofteachers.54.ItstandsforScholasticAptitudeTest,atesttakenintheU.S.tomeasurestudentsabilitiesbeforetheirentryintocollege.55.TheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965.56.Thepresidentialcandidatewiththehighestnumberofvotesineachstatewinsalltheelectoralvotesofthatstate.57.ItstandsforAustralianCapitalTerritory.58.NewZealandnativetreesareevergreens,sothecountryremainsgreenalltheyearround.59.Therearefurtrappers,fishersandminers.60.BogsremainthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape.Ⅲ.61.TheIndustrialRevolution:ItreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.BritainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializeinEurope.62.TheCommonwealth:Itisafreeassociationof50independentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Atpresentthereare50memberswithintheCommonwealth(1991).63.Checksandbalances:TheAmericangovernmentisdividedintothreebranches,thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial.Eachhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Andeachbranchofgovernmentcancheck,orblock,theactionsoftheotherbranches.Thethreebranchesarethusinbalance.Thisiscalledchecksandbalances.64.ElectoralCollege:Theelectorsofall50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia-atotalof538persons---comprisewhatisknownastheElectoralCollege.Tobesuccessful,acandidateforthePresidencymustreceive270votes.全国2006年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswertothequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,Ipointforeach)I.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheBritishCommonwealth?A.Membersofnationsarcjoinedtogetherpolitically.B.TheCommonwealthhasspecialpowers.C.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthismadebyBrian.D.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.2.Under,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.A.KingAlfredB.HenryIIC.EdwardID.WilliamtheConqueror3.ThecauseoftheHundredYearsWarwas.A.territorialB.economicC.partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomicD.partlyterritorialandpartlyreligious4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheAnglo-Saxons?A.Theywereregardedasferociouspeople.B.Theyestablishedthemanorialsystem.C.Theydividedthecountryintodifferentshires.D.Theirtribeswereseldomatwarwithoneanother.5.AsaresultoftheBlackDeath,.A.muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasashortageoflabourB.landownerstendedtochangefromsheep-farmingtoarable-farmingC.thegovernmentdidnotshowmuchconcernaboutthelabourshortageD.thegovernmenttookseveralmeasurestoraisethepeasantswages6.TheNormanConquestinEnglishhistoryhappenedin.A.1035B.1042C.1066D.16067.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaconsequenceoftheWarsoftheRoses?A.Feudalismreceiveditsdeath-blow.B.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.C.Theking"spowerbecamesupreme.D.Ordinarypeopleweregreatlyaffected.8.Intermsofpress,aredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.A.qualitynewspapersB.tabloidsC.popularnewspapersD.mid-marketnewspapers9.wasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandModernTimes.A.TheHundredYearsWarB.RenaissanceC.TheWarsoftheRosesD.TheEnglishCivilWar10.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled___.A.thePuritanRevolutionB.theChartistMovementC.theWarsoftheRosesD.theHundredYears"War11.InDecember1653,byanInstrumentofGovernment,becameLardProtectoroftheCommonwealthofEngland.A.RichardlB.OliverCromwellC.CharlesIID.JamesII12.Twoofthemostfamousliteraryworksofthelate17thcenturywere.A.HamletandParadiseLostB.Pilgrim"sProgressandParadiseLostC.ParadiseLostandShepherd"sCalendarD.RomeoandJulietandShepherd"sCalendar13.TheestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyin1600wasacaseof.A.economicpenetrationB.territorialaggressionC.culturalexpansionD.militaryinvasion14.Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesofWorldWarIIwasthat.A.theBritishEmpirebecamemuchstrongerB.theBritishEmpirebegantodisintegrateC.theBritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansionD.Britainenteredaperiodofeconomicandfinancialprosperity15.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheBritishmonarchy?A.Itistheoldestinstitutionofgovernment.B.Itgoesbacktoatleastthe9thcentury.C.Ithasmaintainedthecontinuityoverthepastthousandyears.D.Itseemsthatitenjoysnorealpowertoday.16.InBritain,aparliamenthasamaximumdurationofyears.A.3B.4C.5D.617.Britishcolonialexpansionbeganwith.A.theestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyin1600B.thesettlementoftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyatCapeTownin1652C.theoccupationofChineseHongKongin1841D.thecolonizationofNewfoundlandin158318.ManyofBritain"spublicschoolshavegainedareputationfor.A.lowacademicstandardsandsnobberyB.exclusivenessandshorthistoryC.averageacademicstandards,exclusiveness,andshorthistoryD.highacademicstandards,exclusiveness,andsnobbery19.TheUniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgedatefrom.A.the10thandllthcenturyB.the12thcenturyC.the12thand13thcenturyD.the13e"century20.InBritain,formallyappointsimportantgovernmentministers,judges,etc.A.theQueenB.thePrimeMinisterC.theLordPresidentoftheCouncilD.theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthefivebiggestcitiesintheUnitedStates?A.ChicagoB.NewYorkC.MiamiD.LosAngeles22.,whichbannedslavery,wasaddedtotheAmericanConstitutioninDecember,1865.A.TheBillofRightsB.TheThirteenthAmendmentC.TheCivilRightsActD.TheVotingRightsAct23.havemadeitpossibleforallsectionsoftheAmericanpopulationtohavehighereducation.A.TheresearchuniversitiesB.ThedoctoraluniversitiesC.ThecommunitycollegesD.Theliberalartscolleges24.Coloredeggsandbunnyatetraditionalsymbolsof.A.EasterB.ChristmasC.ValentineD.NewYear"sDay25.isoneofthemostpopularplacesintheUnitedStatestocelebratetheNewYear"sDay.A.TheDisneyLandinFloridaB.TheWhiteHouseLawninWashingtonD.C.C.HollywoodinCaliforniaD.TimesSquareinNewYorkCity26.Thebest-knownspeechmadebycivilfightsleaderMartinLutherKingis.A.Guesswho~B.IhaveadreamC.Unitedwestand,dividedwefall"D.Firstinwar,fastinpeace,firstintheheartsofhiscountrymen27.Inthe1900swiththedevelopmentofindustryandtheextensionofrailroadnetwork,therewasaintheUnitedStates.A.fastgrowthofpopulationB.rapidgrowthofmilitarypowerC.fastgrowthoflaborunionsD.rapidgrowthofcities28.TherealAmericanliteraturebegan.A.beforetheCivilWarB.aftertheCivilWarC.beforetheWarofIndependenceD.aftertheWarofIndependence29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheVietnamWar?A.Drug-takingwaswidespreadintheAmericanArmedForces.B.AboutsixtythousandyoungAmericansdiedinthewar.C.Americaninsistenceonthecontinuationofthewardrewcriticismfromitsallies.D.ThemoraleoftheAmericansoldierswasrunningveryhigh.30.MITstandsfor.A.theMilitaryInstituteofTexasB.theMacy"sInstigationofThanksgivingC.theMiamiInstitutionofTradeD.theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology31.wasNOTamongthefirst13BritishcoloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.A.NewYorkB.PennsylvaniaC.FloridaD.Maryland32.AttheConstitutionalConventioninSeptember1787,thedelegateswhoarguedforanationalsystemcalledthemselves.A.RepublicansB.DemocratsC.Anti-FederalistsD.Federalists33.ThePurchaseofLouisianaTerritoryin1803fromFrance~,.A.increasedtheAmericanterritorybyonethirdB.i~theAmericanterritorybyahalfC.almostdoubledthesizeoftheUnitedStatesD.almosttripledthesizeoftheUnitedStates34.Whichofthefollowingpairsiscorrect?A.RockefelleraeroplaneB.HenryFord-crudeoilrefiningC.J.P.Morgan-railroadD.TheWrightBrothers-automobile35.TheUnitedStatesdidnotformallytakepartinWorldWarI1untilPearlHarborbecause.A.isolationistsdidnotwanttobedraggedintothewarB.theCongresshadpassedoneneutralitylawC.PresidentRooseveltdidnotwanttooffendtheAxisPowersD.Alloftheabove36.InordertoprotectWesternEuropefrompossibleSovietexpansionafterWWII,theUnitedStatesdecidedtoofferWesternEuropeancountrieseconomicaid,whichlatercametobecalled.A.theFourteenPointsB.theNewFreedomsC.theNewDealD.theMarshallPlan37.Inviewoftheproblemofpovertyinthe1960s,PresidentKennedyhadonceadmittedthatoftheAmericanpopulationwenttobedhungry.A.aboutonequarterB.aboutonethirdC.abouthalfD.abouttwothirds38.WhenevertheAmericaneconomyisintrouble,theeconomyofothercountriesisaffectedbecausetheUnitedStatesis.A.thegreatestdebtorintheworldB.thebiggestproduceroftobaccoC.thelargestimporterintheworldmarketD.theonlysuperpowerintheworld39.MembershipintheHouseofRepresentativesisbasedon.A.thenumberofcitiesineachstateB.thenumberoffamiliesineachstateC.thesizeofpopulationineachstateD.thesizeofcitiesineachstate40.IntheUnitedStates,iftheparentsdon"tsendtheirchildrentoschoolatcertainage,.A.thestategovernmentwillberesponsibleforitB.theywilleducatethechildrenthemselvesC.theycansavealotofmoneyD.theyarebreakingthelaw41.CanadacoversaboutofNorthAmericancontinent.A.onequarterB.two-fifthsC.two-thirdsD.throe-fourths42.BytheStatuteofin1931theBritishDominions,includingCanada,wereformallydeclaredtobepartnernationswithBritain.A.OntarioB.VancouverC.QuebecD.Westminister43.ThefirstBritishsettlersinCanadawereAmericanrefugees,whocalledthemselves,becausetheyrefusedtofightagainsttheBritishArmyintheWarofAmericanIndependence.A.LoyalistsB.WhigsC.LiberalsD.Separatists44.isAustralia"smainwatershedwhereshort,swiftriversflowintothePacificOcean.A.TheGreatWesternPlateauB.TheGreatDividingRangeC.TheCentralEasternLowlandsD.TheNullarborPlain45.Politically,Australiaisdividedintostatesandtwoterritories.A.fourB.fiveC.sixD.seven46.AmongthefiveAustraliancitieswithapopulationofoveramilliononlyliesontheWesterncoast.A.SydneyB.BrisbaneC.MelbourneD.Perth47.InIrelandthebasicethnicstockis.A.CelticB.RomanC.NormanD.English48.Irelandhasfourunusualdemographicfeatures.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Alowbirthrate.B.Alatemarriage.C.Ahighproportionofunmarriedpeople.D.Anexcessoffemalesinthepopulation.49ThefirstEnglishmantovisitNewZealandwasJamesCookwhosailedinhisship______.A.EnduranceB.EndeavorC.ExplorerD.Enquirer50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutNewZealandclimate?A.TheclimateinNewZealandisgenerallytemperateB.Seasonalvariationsarelessextreme.C.Snowusuallyfallsinthefarsouth.D.Summerisoftenuncomfortablyhot.II.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestion.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatdoestheBritishParliamentconsistof?52.WhyisKingAlfredknownasthefatheroftheBritishnavy?53.WhichpartydidMargaretThatcherrepresentinthe1970s?54.Howwasthe1920sintheUnitedStatesdescribedbymanyhistorians?55.WhatdoesthetermindenturedservantsrefertoinAmericanhistory?56.Whatwasthemostimportantactpassedin1964toprohibitdiscriminationbasedoncolor,race,ornationalorigininplacesofpublicaccommodation?57.HowmanyprovincesandterritoriesisCanadamadeupof?58.WhatisAustraliaalsoknownasintheWest?59.WhatdoesIRAstandfor?60.WhyisNewZealandconsideredtobethefirstcountrytogetthenewday?Ш.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.Comprehensiveschools62.Whigs(inBritain)63.ThePuritans64.WarPowerAct2006年试题答案I.1．D2．D3．C4．D5．A6．C7．D8．A9．Bl0．A11．B12．Bl3．Al4．Bl5．Cl6．C17．Dl8．Dl9．C20．A21．C22．B23．C24．A25．D26．B27．D28．D29．D30．D31．C32．D33．C34．C35．A36．D37．B38．C39．C40．D41．B42．D43．A44．B45．C46．D47．A48．D49．B50．DII.51．ItconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords,andtheHouseofCommons．52．BecausehefoundedastrongfleetwhichfirstbeattheDanesatseaandthenprotectedthecoastsandencouragedtrade．53．SherepresentedtheConservativeParty．54．Itwasdescribedasaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustrationandpurposelessness．55．Itreferstothepeoplewhohadtoworkforafixedtermforthemasterstorepaythecross-Atlanticfareanddebts．56．TheCivilRightsActofl964．57．Itismadeupoftenprovincesandtwoterritories．58．ItisalsoknownastheLandDownUnder．59．IRAstandsforIrishRepublicanArmy．60．BecauseitliesjustwestoftheInternationalDateLineandithasonetimezone．Ⅲ．61．Comprehensiveschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawiderangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict．62．ThenameofWhigsoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution．Itwasknownbythenickname．Itwasaderogatorynameforcattledrivers．Looselyspeaking,theWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists．63．ThePuritanswerewealthy,welleducatedgentlemen．TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland．DissatisfiedwiththepoliticalcorruptioninEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritanleaderssawtheNewWorldastherefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave．64．ItwasanactthatlimitedthePresidentspowerinsendingtroopsabroadandrequiredthePresidenttoconsultCongressbeforeanysuchdecision．全国2005年4月高等教育自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522Ⅰ.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(40points,1pointforeach)1.TraditionalBritishfarminginvolved（）,whichdatedbacktothe5thcentury.A.theopenfieldsystemB.thesystemofcroprotationC.theuseofartificialfertilizerD.theuseofnewagriculturalmachinery2.InBritain,theFirstCivilWarwasfoughtbetweentheRoundheadswhoweretheparliamentarysoldiersledby（）,andtheCavalierswhowereKingCharlesssupporters.A.JohnLilburneB.OliverCromwellC.PrinceRupertD.WilliamJoyce3.（）radicallychangedthefaceofLondonforthefirsttimesincetheGreatFirenearlythreecenturiesearlier.A.TheBlackDeathB.TheCivilWarC.TheFirstWorldWarD.TheBlitz4.TheobjectiveoftheChartistMovementwasdemocraticrightsforallmen,andittookitsnameform（）.A.TheBillofRightsB.TheAgreementofthePeopleC.thePeoplesCharterD.theGreatCharter5.Today,theDomesdayBookiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficein（）.A.CambridgeB.OxfordC.LondonD.York6.InBritain,thankstothemilitantfeministmovementofthesuffragettesbeforetheFirstWorldWar,votesweregrantedtowomenover（）in1918.A.20B.25C.30D.357.By（）Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,onwhichthesunneverset.A.1900B.1910C.1920D.19308.InBritain,theToriesweretheforerunnersof（）,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theConservativePartyC.theLiberalPartyD.theSocialDemocraticParty9.TheeldestsonofQueenElizabethⅡPrinceCharles,Princeof（）,istheheirtothethrone.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.NorthernIreland10.InBritain,afullmeetingof（）iscalledonlywhenaSovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theHouseofLordsC.theHouseofCommonsD.theParliament11.InBritain,thehighestjudicialappointmentsaremadebytheQueenontheadviceof（）.A.theLordChancellorB.thePrimeMinisterC.theSpeakerD.theAttorneyGeneral12.InBritain,theSpeakerisamemberwhoisacceptabletoallshadesofopinionin（）.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theHouseofLordsC.theSupremeCourtD.theHouseofCommons13.TheBritishgovernmentdepartmentsarestaffedbymembersof（）,whosedutyistoassistincarryingoutlawspassedbyParliament.A.theCivilServiceB.thePrivyCouncilC.theHouseofLordsD.theHouseofCommons14.Inthe1970s,oilwasdiscoveredin（）,buttherevenuefromoildidnotcreateaneconomicmiracleforBritain.A.theEnglishChannelB.theIrishSeaC.theSt.GeorgeSeaD.theNorthSea15.LocalauthoritiesinGreatBritainraiserevenuethrough（）.A.theincometaxB.thecounciltaxC.thecapitalreceiptsD.personalcontribution16.Themoderngamesoftennisoriginatedin（）inthelate19thcentury.A.ScotlandB.IrelandC.EnglandD.Wales17.Americawasnamedafter（）.A.ItaliannavigatorColumbusB.navigatorAmerigoVespucciC.someIndianchieftainD.GeorgeWashington,foundingfatheroftheUnitedStates18.Between1860and1990,theUnitedStateswitnessed（）large-scalepopulationmovements.A.2B.3C.4D.519.AtthebeginningoftheBerlinBlockade,PresidentTrumanturneddowntheoptionof（）.A.sendingsuppliesthroughthehighways,protectedbytanksandtroopsB.sendingsuppliesthroughthewaterwaysC.startinglarge-scaleairliftingD.staringlimitedairliftingtotesttheSoviets20.In1900,theUnitedStatesrankedfirstintheproductionof（）.A.coalB.electricityC.oilD.wheat21.DuringtheWarofIndependence,Americaalliedwith（）.A.SpainB.FranceC.HollandD.Germany22.TheConstitutionalConventioninAmericawasattendedby（）.A.allofthe13statesB.allofthestatesexceptMarylandC.allofthestatesexceptRhodeIslandD.allofthestates,butlaterRhodeIslandwithdrewfromtheconvention23.PresidentTheodoreRooseveltmadeuseoftheHepburnActto（）.A.regulatefederal-fundedelectricityprojectB.maintainforestreservesC.regulaterailwaypriceD.bancorporationmerger24.IntheUnitedStates,HenryFordbecamefamous（）.A.becauseofhiswealthB.becausehesetuptheStandardOilCorporationC.becausehewasthefirsttoinventcarsD.becauseofhisModelTautomobile25.TheattitudeofmanyAmericanstowarddifferentpoliticalviewsafterWWⅡcanbedescribedas（）.A.followingthemaintrendofviewB.intolerantC.indifferentD.tolerant26.IntheU.S.,theRedScarerefersto（）.A.asenselesshysteriaaboutthedangerofcommunismB.afearofSovietsubversionC.asenselesshateofanythingforeignD.anintoleranceofanyideadifferentfromthemainstreamidea27.UrbanizationwasrealizedintheU.S.（）.A.in1900B.in1910C.afterWWID.afterWWⅡ28.IntheUnitedStates,thewinner-take-allsystemappliesto（）.A.allthestatesB.amajorityofthestatesC.allstatesexceptMaineD.onlyMaine29.InOldManandSea,Hemingwaypraisestheoldmansattitudetowards（）.A.defeatandfailureB.theseaC.hisworkD.nature30.InordertorememberGeorgeWashington（）.A.amemorialhallwasbuiltinhisbirthplaceB.amemorialhallwasbuiltinWashingtonD.C.C.atallwhiteWashingtonMonumentwasbuiltinthecapitalD.anexpensivecarwasnamedafterhim31.ThefinalbreakawayofAmericanforeignpolicyfromisolationismwas（）.A.thebombingofPearlHarborB.thefallofFranceC.GermanattackoftheSovietUnionD.thebattleofBritain32.IntheU.S.,thefastestgrowingminoritygroupis（）.A.theAfrican-AmericanB.theHispanic-AmericanC.theNativeIndiansD.theAsian-American33.ThenameCanadaisbelievedtobederivedfromanIndianwordKanata,meaning（）.A.asettlementB.acountryC.ameetingplaceD.acolony34.QuebecdiffersfromtheprovincesofCanadabecause（）.A.ithasthelargestpopulationB.itwasthefirstEuropeansettlementC.ithasastrongFrenchcultureD.itismorehighlydevelopedthanotherpartsofCanada35.Australiasmostcommonnativeplantsare（）.A.palmsandrosesB.willowsandsunflowersC.pinesandorchidsD.eucalyptsandwattles36.ThefirstwhitesettlementinAustraliawassetuponJanuary26,（）.A.1778B.1788C.1878D.188837.IrelandiscalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseof（）.A.itsshapeB.itsconnectionwithBritainC.itsabundantnaturalresourcesD.itsgreencountryside38.ThecentralpartofIrelandischaracterizedbymanylakes,lowridgesand（）.A.peatbogsB.rapidstreamsC.smallislandsD.highcliffs39.NewZealandconsistsoftwomainislands:（）.A.NorthIslandandSouthislandB.StewardIslandandLongIslandC.WestIslandandEastIslandD.VictorianislandandTasmanIsland40.NewZealandsclimateisgenerally（）andseasonaldifferencesarenotsogreat.A.dryandcoldB.mildandmoistC.hotandwetD.windyandcoldPARTTWO(60POINTS)Ⅱ.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)41.HowlongwasBritainundertheRomanoccupation?42.WhatisthemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsinBritain?43.WhatwasthepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEngland?44.WhichsportisregardedastypicallyEnglish?45.WhataretheprincipalfunctionsofAmericanhighereducation?46.WhatismeantbyOperationOverlord?47.WhyAmericansarealwaysonthemove?48.HowwillyoucharacterizeAmericanforeignpolicyintheearly1930s?49.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofCanadianclimate?50.Geographically,Australiacanbedividedintothreemajorregions.Whatarethey?Ⅲ.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)51.Stonehenge52.TheMetropolitanPoliceForce53.Foreclosure54.ChicanoⅣ.Writebetween100-120wordsonEITHERofthefollowingtopicsinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(10points)55.WhatisThatcherismandwhatarethemajorcomponentsofThatcherism?56.InwhatsensewastheWarof1812importanttothedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates?2005年试题答案I.1.A2.B3.D4.C5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.B12.D13.A14.D15.B16.C17.B18.C19.A20.A21.B22.C23.C24.D25.A26.A27.D28.C29.A30.C31.A32.D33.A34.C35.D36.B37.D38.A39.A40.CII.41.BritainwasundertheRomanoccupationfornearly400years.42.ThemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsistobringthewideexperienceofitstheprocessoflawmaking.43.ThepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandowners,whetherthetenants-in-chieforsubtenants,tooktheoathofallegianceforthelandtheyheld,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking.44.CricketisregardedasthetypicallyEnglishofsports.45.TheprincipalfunctionsofAmericanhighereducationareteaching,researchandpublicservice.46.OperationOverlordwasthecodenameforAllylandingonthesouthofFrance.ItwaslaunchedinMay,1944.ThedecisionoflaunchingOperationOverlordwasmadeattheTeheranConference47.Americansmovestoanewhomeeveryyearseekingnewjobopportunities,abetterclimateorsomeothergoals.48.Intheearly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationist.49.GenerallyspeakingtheclimateinCanadaisunfavorable.MuchofCanadahaslongandcoldwinterswithdeepsnow.50.TheyaretheGreatwesternPlateau,theEasternHighlandsandtheCentralEasternLowlands.III.51.Stonehenge:StonehengewasinWiltshire,constructedbefore2000BC.Exactlywhyitwasbuiltisunknownbutitmusthavehadreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.52.Themetropolitanpolice:ThepoliceservicefortheUnitedKingdomisorganizedandcontrolledonalocalbasisundertheHomeSecretaryandtheScottishandNorthernIrelandsecretaries.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontroloftheHomesecretary.Attheendof1993policestrengthintheUnitedKingdomwasabout28.000belongedtotheMetropolitanPoliceForce.53.Foreclosure:Foreclosureisthetakingawayofpropertiesofthedebtorasaresultoffailuretopayinterest.54.Chicano:ChicanoisMexican-Americans,thethreemajorHispanicgroups,historicallyhavehadthegreatestinfluenceontheUnitedStates.IV.55.Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherismbecamethefirstwomenprimeministerinBritain.HerpoliciesarepopularlyrefereedtoasThatcherism.Thecomponentsincluded:1)thereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,2)theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,3)theweakeningoftradeunions,and4)thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.56.ThewarhadgreatimpactonthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.1)Thewarmadepeoplerealizetheimportanceofastrongnationalgovernment.2)Thewarstrengthenedthefeelingofnationalunityandpatriotism.3)Foralmost10yearsafterthewar,theAmericansturnedtheirattentiontothedevelopmentofthewesternpartofthecontinent.4)ItmadebothBritainandUnitesStatesrealizethattheirdisputesshouldbesolvedthroughnegotiation.

解放军文职招聘考试骂遍四方真秀才-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

发布时间：2017-07-1813:23:54观众朋友们，大家好！本期《故事与法》，我们仍旧从故事里面引出一个中国传统法律的一些特点，那么今天我们讲的就叫骂遍四方真秀才。在明朝的小说《喻世名言》就是《古今小说》里面，它在第28卷，李秀卿义结黄贞女，在这个小说开头的时候，这个作者引了一段俗话，就是当时社会中普遍认同的，大家都当谚语讲的一段俗话，说天下只有这三般口嘴极是厉害，天下有三张口是最厉害的，哪三张，第一张秀才口骂遍四方，第二张和尚口吃遍四方，第三张媒婆口传遍四方。我们现在的读者看了以后，对后两个很认同，和尚口吃遍四方，对和尚那张嘴，他自己又不劳动，他到处去化缘，就靠那张嘴吃饭，所以吃遍四方，还是可以理解。媒婆口传遍四方，这个也可以理解，媒婆走东家串西家，那张嘴里面没有真话的，骗人到处骗来骗去，帮男的骗着女的，女的骗着男的，骗来骗去，搞那个中介，这个也是大家能够理解。对于第一点，大家可能不大会认同，怎么叫秀才口骂遍四方，秀才，我们现在不是说知识分子、读书人嘛，读书人不是都是有知识、有身份的，有身份、有知识不是有教养，怎么会有这么一个骂大街的名声在里面，秀才口骂遍四方，这如果说作者自己在那里写，那可能是个作者受了秀才的气，所以写在那里，那可能我们还可以理解，但这个作者不是这样，这个是他引一句俗话，叫俗语道：天下只有三般口嘴极为厉害，秀才口骂遍四方，和尚口吃遍四方，媒婆口传遍四方。显然，秀才在里面是第一位的，骂遍四方是当时这个社会上普遍对于秀才的观感，是不是这样？我们来看一个小说里的故事，我们来看看这个秀才是不是有这么狠。《儒林外史》这个小说专门是讲秀才，这里面讲一个，有一个小骗子秀才，小骗子秀才叫牛浦，牛浦顶着人家的名字，然后和另外一个秀才，他们到仪征旅行的时候，看到了一个带方巾跟他们穿一样秀才服装的人，然后三个人谈得很投机，那个人就提出要请他们吃饭，结果就到了仪征大街上最有名的大观楼，里面坐下在那里吃饭。刚吃到一半，就看到这酒楼里面摇摇晃晃走进来两个秀才，前面那个秀才小说原文是这样的，前面一个穿一件茧绸直裰，是一件丝的袍子，但是胸前油了一块，胸前一大块油，也没洗，很脏的。后面一个，穿一件玄色直裰长衫，两个袖子破得逛荡荡的，这两个袖子都是洞，所以晃来晃去，不要看这两个人破，不要这两个人穷，这两个人跑到这里面，他们现在这三个人在这吃的这个饭，这两个秀才都吃不起，但是这两个人狠，跑进来就破口大骂，一把揪住刚才请客那个穿秀才服装的人，上去啪啪两个大嘴巴子，然后就是又打又骂，捉你去见官。为什么呢？原来请他们吃饭这个人，不是真的秀才，那个人是当地妓院里的一个乌龟，他喜欢穿那个秀才，穿这个秀才服装显得有身份，他穿了秀才的行头，结果被这两个真秀才看到了，就是一顿打骂，打骂了以后，打得那个乌龟最后跪地求饶，你以为两个秀才真的是为了捍卫秀才的身份吗？也不是，也不过就是要了三两银子走了，把他身上搜了半天，也就三两银子，拿了走了，你看在当时的人们的印象里面，这个秀才就是穿长衫、穿靴子，但是走在路上摇摇摆摆，别人不敢惹的，跟我们现在讲的地痞流氓来了差不多，像黑社会一样。这个实在有点搞不懂，那秀才不是读书人吗？读书人为什么会这样去骂人呢？为什么会在社会得到一个骂遍四方这样的名声？这里面我们就要对明清建立这个秀才制度我们讲一下。解说一：秀才是古代民间对读书人的一种称呼，在官方的正式称呼里应该是生员，意思是官办学校里有名额限制的学生。我们现在一想到学生，就以为应该是以读书为主业的人，可是明、清时所谓的秀才学生，主要是指一种特权身份，读书倒是在其次的事。那么，在古代，人们取得秀才的身份，需要经过哪些考试？考取了秀才身份以后，又能够获得哪些特权呢？骂遍四方真秀才，秀才何以骂四方？法律讲堂正在播出。明朝跟清朝它建立的科举制度里面，在那个制度里面，秀才所谓秀才，我们老百姓叫做秀才，实际上是指在这个科举制度第一个阶梯，就是通过了国家考试，然后能够成为官办学校，正式学生的这样一个身份。明朝这样规定，明朝清朝都是这样的，每年在这个县里面，举行一个考试，由每一个地方官的长官，主持考一个县试或者叫州试，这个考试是由地方长官主持的，参加报考的人，称之为叫俊秀，这个俊秀你长得再丑也叫俊秀，你胡子再长仍旧叫俊秀，然后在那里考试，考完了以后每年考一次，县官发榜录取，这个录取没有名额限制，所以县官高兴录取多少就录取多少，录取完的人就称为叫童生，这个童生是读书人第一个阶梯，童生的任何地位都没有，只不过承认你是个读书人，然后你就要考秀才，考秀才你一直考不取你就一直是童生，五十岁、六十岁胡子再白、再长，仍旧是童生。做了童生以后，两年或者三年然后由省里面的一个负责教育的学政，他在省里面进行巡回，巡回主持考试，那么他巡回到你这个地方，一般五六个县，指定一个县作为他的考场，然后在那个县，这五六个县的考生童生全都可以来报名参加这个考试，这个考试录取难度就非常大，每个县录取几个，每两到三年，每一次可以录取几个，这个是有严格的名额限制。那么考取了秀才怎么样呢？考取了秀才不得了，考取了秀才一下子就跟童生拉开距离了，考取了秀才并不是说你是读书人，你现在是政府官办学校的正式学生，而且你这个学生将来是准备做官的，所以你就成为特权阶层，这种特权我们现在看起来，这种特权也是好像没什么意思，在当时意义大得不得了。比如说做了秀才你就可以穿长衫，秀才有专门秀才长衫，叫蓝衫，长的，袖子很宽大了，到了清朝就变成窄袖了，头上可以戴一顶秀才的方巾，就是我们平时在很多影视剧作品，或者在古代壁画，或者古代的美术作品里面可以看到，后面有两根翅的那种，有两根鸾翅的那种帽子，戴在头上，上面镶一块玉，这个别人都不能戴的，这个是专门秀才的方巾，你如果平常人戴了，你是老百姓戴了，像刚才讲的，那个妓院里的乌龟，那就是给真秀才看到，就是一顿打，这个是秀才能够穿这个。另外一个秀才最重要的标志，其他老百姓最多只能穿鞋子，不能穿靴子，秀才可以穿靴子。长筒靴我们现在有钱就可以穿长筒靴，古代不是，秀才才能穿长筒靴，可以是布头靴筒，也可以是皮靴筒，秀才穿。所以一双靴子跟这个长衫是秀才的标志，所以《儒林外史》里面讲，那个秀才胸口油了一大块，他不舍得洗，因为他可能只有这一件洗掉的话他就完蛋了，他就没得穿，所以他只好尽管油着他还放在那里，表明自己的身份，那个靴子也是，那个靴子十个脚趾全在外面，他也不舍得脱，他也要穿，破靴秀才也是当时一个标志，秀才穿那个破靴子在街上走。除了这个衣着打扮以外，最明显的标志，可以免除对国家的徭役，除了你自己，家里还可以免除两个。比如说中国古代它这样规定的，每个老百姓每年都必须为国家义务劳动，这个义务劳动也不一定真正要你去干，但是它可以折合成交钱，这个是如果政府不要钱，它就要你去干活，帮政府打杂，或者帮政府去筑长城、建城墙、挖运河，这个都你必须要去做的，秀才可以不去，秀才家属可以不去，这个你们去义务劳动我不去，这个就是他的特权，另外一个更重要的特权，秀才看到地方官，所有的老百姓看到官员，看到长官都必须跪在地上迎接，嘴里要称大老爷，跟这个长官讲话，都要叫青天大老爷，要叫老爷至少。秀才不用，秀才看到大老爷过来，看到县官过来，拱拱手叫老师就可以了，这就是一个特权，我们现在看到这算什么特权，这个在当时是了不得的特权，人家都跪在那里，你站在那里，这就是特权，就是站着的特权，你只要拱拱手，叫声老师就可以了。另外我们现在看看也不咋地，也不怎么样，但是当时作为是很重要的一个特权。另外一个我们现在看看不咋地的一个特权，在当时很重要的一个特权，秀才不受身体刑，你犯了罪，不打屁股，秀才犯任何罪，不受刑讯、不打屁股，犯杀人罪、强奸罪、抢劫罪、强盗罪这种重罪抓来，但是不能刑讯，要对他用刑审讯的话，必须要得到省里面的那个学道，那个教育主管部门的批准，才能够对这个秀才动用刑讯。还有一个特权我们现在看看也是无所谓的，还有一个打官司的特权，古代打官司，所有的原被告都必须亲自到场，亲自到场，县官坐在这里审案，原告跪在这里，被告跪在这里，都必须跪在那里讲话，秀才可以不去，秀才他有这个特权，一般的案件他不用去起诉，他不用亲自去到庭，他不用出庭，写一个两指宽的条子，交给传给县官，叫治生，在你治理下的一个学生，某某某，为了某事，请老师发落，他就可以了，这个就算是起诉了，他不用写那个正式的书状，自己也可以不出庭，叫家里的一个管家，或者一个朋友代他去出庭，这个就可以了。如果万一他自己愿意去出庭，他就要跪在那里，但是他跪在那里，他说话随便说，县官不能打他，因为你打他你要通过省里同意，你要到省里报批准的话，一来一回半个月至少，原来的县官是要打谁就打谁，在县里面，就是秀才是打不得的，所以这个就是特权。这种特权我们现在想想好像没有什么物质力，我们要知道，一个社会里面支撑我们生活的，并不仅仅是物质，这个社会对你的认同，你在这个社会里面享有的特权，这种满足感，这种成就感，在当时非常追求这个，所以秀才可以很穷，很多秀才家里穷得揭不开锅。秀才可以很穷，但是他有社会地位，他有特权身份，所以绝大部分秀才他都是为了这个特权身份在考，在拼命地考试，他平时没有钱，没有社会地位，一旦考取秀才，尽管他没有钱，没有直接的物质力，但是他获得一个社会地位，物质力有没有？有那么一点点，你做了秀才以后，每年必须要参加，理论上每个月都要参加考试，每个月参加一批考试，考试在平时那个成绩里面，被认为是好的，那么政府给你膏火银，给你伙食费，但这个名额非常少，在一个县里面没有多少，一个县里面他要凭的，要连一年你都是优等的，好，那就给你膏火银，这个银子不多，但是够你伙食费。这个也是很了不得，你连着几年都能够得到膏火银，能够得到政府的供应伙食费的，说明你这个学业好，那么你将来选拔的时候可以优先上去。所以这个是秀才的一个特权地位，这个是靠考试考来的特权地位。所以在这里面他考试，很难讲他这个考试是为了读书，他这个考试很大程度上是为了获得一个社会地位，获得这样一个特权地位。那么这个特权地位保证了这批秀才，他可以不受身体刑，县官不能随便打他们，也不能随便骂他们，所以使得他们逐渐成为一个势力集团，在本地，成为一个势力集团，可以和官府抗衡的势力集团。秀才口骂遍四方，为什么秀才能够骂人就这个道理，按照明朝清朝的法律不能骂人的，骂人者打十下，回骂者打十下，都要打屁股的，所以县官可以说你骂人打10下，但是只有秀才再骂人没有办法打，因为秀才是不能打的。所以中国传统社会里面讲到秀才就是他不受一般法律约束的，看到官也不怕的。所以秀才在这里完全是在利用他们的特权身份，在作威作福，他这个作威作福的力量不是来自于他经济上的力量，来自于法律给予他们的这个特权的身份。解说二：既然考取了秀才以后，就能够获得如此多的社会特权，这无形中增加了人们对于秀才这个特权阶层的向往。为了获得秀才这个特权阶层的头衔，通过读书的途径其实是很困难的。除此之外，人们获取秀才头衔的途径还有考武秀才和捐监，秀才之所以落得骂遍四方的恶名与这两项制度可以说有一定的关系。那么秀才是不是只要靠读书？不是的，这个也是秀才后来被人骂一个很重要的原因。我们今天讲的读书的秀才，叫文秀才。还有一种秀才叫武秀才，你通过你是在武术方面有能力的，选拔做武秀才，将来考武举人，将来还可以考武状元、武进士，将来出去做军官，可以出去做军官，但是绝大部分人武秀才不是去做军官，因为做军官太危险了他就是考一个秀才，然后就可以作威作福，欺压良善，只不过这个武秀才比文秀才难考，因为文秀才只要读书就可以了，只要买些书买些纸就可以了，这个武秀才不行，你要买马，你要会骑马，你还要射箭，你个弓箭都是很贵的，还要有武术教师教你，你还要各种各样的器械，而且还要吃得要好，你要体力好，所以传统叫，贫文富武，武科举考试它这个来的大部分都是富家子弟，有钱人子弟，每个县武秀才也有那么将近十个名额。除了武秀才以外，明、清两代政府还拿这个秀才可以买的，他经常让这个秀才去捐，卖给，去出卖秀才的头衔，凡是遇到政府、朝廷、财政危机了，它就宣布一个特别政策，说今年因为某某财政危机，所以今年老百姓只要肯出钱，出到钱就可以给他一个秀才的头衔做做，这些秀才一般叫监生，他不是给的地方上的那个，因为地方上的那个官办学校员额都限制很紧的，他就算是国子监生，就北京的国子监生，他也不用到北京来，在地方上交了钱就是秀才，地方上的秀才，但是他这个名额算是中央给的，中央国子监给的，每卖一批多少，我们现在搞不清楚，每卖一批，卖掉多少秀才头衔，我们不知道，这个材料现在不是很全，但是他经常会搞，尤其到了清朝变成定期了，每隔几年搞一次，每隔几年搞一次，就是你在十年之内，你可以总要搞两三次，价钱也不是很高，明朝的时候一百三十两银子就可以了；到了清朝乾隆年间，我们从《儒林外史》里面看到，是二百两银子；那么后来逐步逐步跌价，大概到了太平天国那个时候，大概是一百两银子左右就可以买一个秀才头衔。那么不读书的，读书，不是为了读书，读书是为了获得一个特权身份，靠拳头粗、力量足武术好，也能够获得这个特权身份，拿钱买也可以获得这个特权身份，所以我们现在讲的这个秀才集团里面，并不完全是以读书人为主，里面有很多都是武夫，或者是拿钱买的商人，他们买或者用这个武夫去获得，通过这个对武术方面练习的投资，来获得这个秀才的身份，并不为了读书，也不是为了做官，因为他知道，如果要去做官的话，考试这个费用很高的，也有些读书人，秀才实在考不取，没有办法，先捐一个秀才，然后再去考，这个也有，但是这个比较少，绝大部分人拿钱就是买一个秀才头衔，买了这个秀才以后，他就获得特权身份。我们从秀才口骂遍四方这个我们也知道，秀才跟我们现在理解的知识分子完全是两回事，他并不是以读书为业，他既不是在读书当中，他并不是依靠读书获得知识来跟市场进行交换，来获得他的收入，来获得他的经济地位，像我们现在的大部分读书人、知识分子，拿知识跟市场进行交换，对这个社会进行服务，然后交换获得他的物质生活来源，说得再简单一点，出卖自己的知识。古代的秀才不是这样，他自己根本就没有知识，他只不过是保住一个特权的地位，而且这种特权地位表现的方式，他为了表示他有这个特权地位，所以他需要打人骂人里表示，他有这个权利，人家不能惹他们。如果他是个善良之辈，他不欺负别人，那至少别人不敢欺负他。解说三：由于秀才这种特权身份的保护，秀才骂人打人，横行乡里，一般不会受到律的惩罚，不过，凡事也有例外的时候。骂遍四方真秀才，秀才、何以落骂名？法律讲堂正在播出。清朝笔记小说里面有一个故事很有意思，有一个武秀才专门就是横行乡里，欺负老百姓，有一天在路上走，看到一个农民担着大粪在那里走，结果那个农民走到他身边的时候，正好颠了一下，绊了一下，身体摇了一摇，粪桶里的粪就溅出来，溅到那个秀才身上，溅到那个秀才的长衫上，那个秀才大怒，他自己也不高兴打他，就揪住这个农民，把那个农民骂，那个农民跪在那里跟他求饶，拖着农民要到县衙门，他说，他侮辱秀才要打，要赔礼道歉，他向我赔礼道歉，磕头赔礼道歉，原来是要县官打这个农民，后来那个县官跑出来，你打他干什么，打你算什么呢？对不对，只不过把你衣服弄脏了，让他洗干净不就可以了吗，你打他对你有什么好处，那个秀才想想，我不能让他白白地臭了我，叫他给我磕头。磕多少县官说，磕一百个，县官说好好，听见没有，这个秀才老爷让你叩一百，你就给他叩一百个头，咚咚咚那个农民就给他叩一百个，等到那个农民叩了七十多下，那个县官就，等会儿等会儿，他说秀才先生，我刚才忘记问你了，你是文秀才是武秀才？那个秀才实际上他知道，这是当地有名的一个无赖，他说我是武秀才，不对不对，文秀才被粪沾污了，要叩一百个，你是武秀才，武秀才要比文秀才折半，叩五十就够了，刚才你叩了几个了，旁边两个皂隶讲，叩了七十个，不对不对，叩七十个多了，多叩了二十个了，把这个农民扶好，把这个农民起来，叫这个农民坐在椅子上坐好，叫两个皂隶按着他，你坐在那里，然后跟这个武秀才讲，刚才他多叩了你二十个头，你现在还他二十个头，秀才哪里肯，结果这个县官就下令，这怎么不肯，你刚才没讲清楚，你多要人家叩了你二十个头，现在你还他二十个头，你不肯，就叫两个皂隶按着他，把他的头按到地上，咚咚咚，给这个农民叩了二十个，然后那个秀才又羞又恼跑掉了。这个县官就在后面放声大笑，这是一个清官、是一个好官，他有意折腾这个武秀才，文秀才他不敢的。文秀才不能这样折腾，因为文秀才是读书人。所以秀才集团里面，都有特权意识，但是文秀才他组成了更加紧密的集团，文秀才有老师、有同学，有各种各样的关系在朝廷上层，你这样做了以后，他们会通过各种渠道，把你对他们进行的侮辱，像这种侮辱，会传递上去，那你这个县官就做不成，武秀才这种关系一般比较少，武秀才一般都是当地的豪绅叫无赖，所以他这样治他一下，也问题不大，不会引起什么严重后果。好了，我们总结一下，秀才口骂遍四方，这个里面我们已经再三强调了，秀才跟我们现在的读书人是两个概念，中国古代的秀才他是一个特权分子，他是靠通过标准考试来获得，或者通过武术练习来获得，或者通过钱财购买到他这样一种特权地位。对于读书本身来说，这个秀才跟读书并不直接发生联系，绝大部分秀才只是为了这个特权身份，而不是为了读书，这个也就是中国，世界上最早的。理论上讲你把他尊为秀才，给他特权地位，好像在尊重知识分子、尊重读书人，但实际上也正是这个特权地位害了这个读书人，害了知识分子，他成为一个封闭的既得利益集团，这种既得利益不是物质利益，他这个社会力量、社会地位以及他的社会影响力，他是这样一个地位，而且他们也利用这个地位，非但没有帮助整个社会前进，在很多程度上，他们对于整个社会祸害，对于这个社会秩序的祸害，也使老百姓对他们的负面评价，远远超过对他们的正面评价，以至于得出这个秀才口骂遍四方这样一个恶评。好，我们今天通过这样一个谚语，引出几个故事，然后给大家介绍一下，中国古代有关读书人的法律制度，希望大家喜欢，谢谢！