解放军文职招聘考试 英国文学史，英语专业学生必备-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育
发布时间：2017-05-21 16:17:42英国文学史，英语专业学生必备英语文学（English literature）指英语写成的文学作品，作者不一定是来自英格兰。如约瑟夫 康拉德（Joseph Conrad ）是波兰人，罗伯特 彭斯（Robert Burns ）是苏格兰人。詹姆斯 乔伊斯（ James Joyce ）来自爱尔兰，爱伦 坡（Edgar Allan Poe）来自美国，萨尔曼 鲁西迪（Salman Rushdie）来自印度等。在学术界， 英语文学 经常都在致力于 英语研究 的部门或项目中进行分析与批评。原因在于英格兰的前殖民地都发展出了自己的英语文学，这些地方所使用的英语互相也有区别。所以英语文学随著英语在世界上的变化而发展出了形形色色的分支。古代文学威尔士和罗马时期留下来的遗产，几乎被低地日耳曼民族（随后是斯堪的纳维亚人）的入侵彻底摧毁，所以直到中世纪早期才出现第一批英语文学。当时使用的语言是各种盎格鲁萨克逊方言，其中得到普遍承认的最早的 英语 文本是卡德蒙的赞美诗（C aelig;dmon"s hymn）。早期不列颠文化中，口头传唱的传统非常盛行，大多数文学作品写出来就是为表演用的。史诗很受欢迎，但是只有一首《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf）流传到了后世，现在已经视作盎格鲁萨克逊人的民族史诗。现存的手稿中，很多盎格鲁萨克逊语诗句可能是从大陆上的早期维京或日耳曼战争诗歌 弱化 改编而来，不过当时的那些方言却和今天的挪威语甚至冰岛语非常相近。这类诗歌传入英格兰时，仍然是遵循口头继承的传统，辅音押头韵的大量存在也帮助了盎格鲁萨克逊民族记忆这些诗歌。这种韵律是日耳曼语族的一个特点，不同于罗曼语族的元音押尾韵。但当坎特伯雷的圣奥古斯丁（St. Augustine of Canterbury）和其门徒建立早期的基督教修道院时，书面文学才正式登场；而且很可能为了照顾基督教读者而对这些文学进行了改编。抛开比较原始的诗句外，维京战争诗歌仍然充满了血腥和仇恨，诗中频繁的押韵描绘出在阴霾的天空下刀光剑影的画面，总是留给读者一种危险就在眼前的感觉。没有事物能够永垂不朽，贝奥武甫罄尽一生与怪兽战斗，但最终死在它手中。这种世事无常、繁花开尽终有时的悲哀渗透进了基督教，极大程度上影响了英语文学未来的发展。例如，何处是（ubi sunt）的主题反复出现在《哈姆雷特》中，很多詹姆士一世时期的诗歌更是极其明显。除去复辟时期和新古典主义时期的文学相对轻松乐观外，忧郁与焦虑的主题受到英语作家广泛的偏爱，从哥特小说、前浪漫主义一直到近代浪漫主义的诞生都弥漫著这种情绪。另外古代英语诗歌可以大体分为两类：宗教诗和世俗诗。中世纪文学威廉一世1066年征服英格兰后，也带来了诺曼语（Norman），不过古英语诗歌仍然继续传播，古英语也仍在广泛使用。13世纪早期英格兰独立后，英语才真正开始转变。随著诺曼人进入主流文化，法语也渗入社会下层，改变了很多古英语的语法和词汇。虽然英语并没有转变成罗曼语言，不过乔叟的英语比之前一个世纪的英语要贴近今日很多。一般英语使用者读乔叟的作品（中古英语）是有困难的，但仍能领会大意；读《贝奥武夫》就必须要用近现代译本了。中世纪末期（1200－1500），骑士爱情的主题进入英格兰，作家们开始书写浪漫作品，形式有韵文或散文等。最著名的作品是亚瑟王的故事。诗歌《高文与绿骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）就包含了当时文学的很多重要特征：亚瑟王时期的背景、侠义骑士的行为举止和宗教寓意等。此时期的英语戏剧非常宗教化。城镇中上演神秘剧（mystery plays）庆祝主要的宗教节日，相对不太正式的面具哑剧（Mummers play）也传达著基督教的思想。英格兰文学史上第一位大作家是杰弗瑞 乔叟（1340-1400；Geoffrey Chaucer）。他使用中古英语写作，最著名的作品为《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales），是一群去坎特伯雷（Canterbury）的朝圣者在旅途中各自讲述的故事，敍述形式迥异。值得注意的是，这些人来自社会的不同阶层，因此他们所使用的语言和故事的内容也是形形色色。虽然乔叟是英语作家，他也受到了欧洲文学发展的启发，特别是意大利。《坎特伯雷故事集》深受薄伽丘（Giovanni Boccaccio）的《十日谈》（Decameron）的影响。文艺复兴已经逐渐向不列颠传来。文艺复兴1476年印刷家威廉 卡克斯顿（William Caxton）将印刷机引入英格兰后，白话文学开始蓬勃发展。宗教改革带来了白话文的礼拜仪式，最终产生了《公祷书》（The Book of Common Prayer），对英语文学造成了深远的影响。英语文学的文艺复兴一直延伸至17世纪中叶查理二世复辟为止，在戏剧、诗歌等方面产生了莎士比亚、马洛、斯宾塞、琼森等一批闻名世界的文学大师。伊丽莎白时期伊丽莎白时期（伊丽莎白一世于1558年至1603年在位）的英格兰社会从几近分裂的混乱状态逐渐发展到富有强大，因此称作英格兰历史上的 黄金时代 。英语文学也是盛极一时，尤其是在戏剧方面。◆戏剧意大利文艺复兴重新发现了古希腊罗马戏剧，开始与传统的中世纪神秘剧渐行渐远。意大利剧作家尤其对塞内卡（Seneca）感兴趣，他是古罗马时代有名的悲剧作家和哲学家，是尼禄和普劳图斯的导师。不过，意大利悲剧有一点和塞内卡的理论不同：允许在舞台上展现血腥与暴力；在塞内卡的戏剧中此类场景都是通过角色敍述出来的。英格兰的剧作家对意大利戏剧产生了浓厚兴趣，当时一大群意大利演员在伦敦定居下来。乔凡尼 傅罗瑞（Giovanni Florio）将很多意大利词汇和意大利文化介绍进英国。伊丽莎白时代动荡不安，意大利多起政治暗杀使民众对教廷的恐惧有增无减。所以，将这种暴力呈现在舞台上，对伊丽莎白时代的英格兰观众来讲更有感情净化宣洩的作用。威廉 莎士比亚莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）便出现在这个时期。他借鉴早期伊丽莎白戏剧的传统，创作出了至今仍没有其他英语戏剧能够超越的钜作。虽然他作为诗人和剧作家出名，但本身并不是从事文学职业，可能接受的正式教育也不多。当时律师、贵族等 大学才子 （university wits）垄断了英语舞台，他不属于其中任何一类，但极有天赋，多才多艺。莎士比亚在成为诗人之前也做过演员，在戏剧之外的工作也让他有很强的优势。他的作品很少单调，因为面对的观众群很广，各个阶层的人都能从中找到感兴趣的东西。虽然很多戏剧都比较成功，但他在晚期（詹姆士一世统治早期）才写出自己最高峰的作品：《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《马克白》（Macbeth）、《终成眷属》（All"s Well that ends well ）、《暴风雨》（The Tempest）等。莎士比亚的词汇量大得惊人，后世的英国作者们都多多少少受到他艺术上或语言上的影响。伊丽莎白戏剧领域其他著名人物有克利斯托弗 马洛（1564-1593；Christopher Marlowe）、托马斯 德克（Thomas Dekker）、约翰 弗莱彻（John Fletcher）和弗朗西斯 博蒙（Francis Beaumont）等。20世纪小说家和评论家安东尼 伯吉斯认为，如果马洛不是29岁时在酒馆斗殴中被捅死，凭藉他的才华能够与莎士比亚一争高下。马洛只比莎士比亚晚几个星期出生，因此应该对他非常熟悉。但马洛的戏剧主题不同，著重强调文艺复兴文人的道德问题。他对近代科学的发展带来的新事物既着迷又恐惧。戏剧《浮士德博士》（Doctor Faustus）中借鉴了德国的传说，讲述了一位科学家和魔法师浮士德博士为渴求科技与魔鬼定下契约的故事。马洛本人的生活非常放浪，不过很多人怀疑这只是掩盖，他其实是伊丽莎白一世的密探；他的死是王室的敌人预先策划的。马洛作品使无韵体诗文更加完善，将活力和宏伟加入其中，夸张法也是他常用的手段之一。博蒙特和弗莱彻虽没有马洛出名，但在当时也受欢迎。学界普遍认为他们帮助了莎士比亚完成了一些巅峰时期的作品。 城市喜剧 的形式也在这个时期得以发展。◆诗歌16世纪末期，英语诗歌的特点是语言复杂精美，有海量对古希腊罗马神话的引用典故。这段时期最著名的诗人包括斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）和菲利普 锡德尼爵士（Sir Philip Sidney）。斯宾塞的名作有《仙后》（The Faerie Queene），由于他的诗韵律精美，也被称为 诗人中的诗人 。除戏剧外，莎士比亚也通过改编彼特拉克（Francesco Petrarch）的模式创造出英语的十四行诗（Shakespearean sonnet）。十四行诗由外交官和诗人托马斯 怀亚特在16世纪早期引入英国。随著印刷文学进入寻常百姓家庭，用于谱曲的诗歌也流行起来。詹姆士一世时期詹姆士一世于1603年至1625年在位，这段期间内英国的建筑、艺术、文学都独具特色。◆诗歌除去莎士比亚外，17世纪早期的主要诗人包括约翰 邓恩（John Donne）和其他玄学派诗人。受到欧陆巴洛克风格的影响，同时选用基督教神秘主义和情色主题，玄学诗歌运用指南针、蚊子等新奇的或 没有诗感 的物体来达到惊奇的效果。诗中体现出来的恐惧和焦虑也象征著近代地理科学发现对传统思想的冲击。邓恩的代表集是《歌与十四行诗》（Songs and Sonnets），他的诗体现出来的内容和感受非常现实，并没有太强的诗化色彩。◆戏剧如上所述，莎士比亚艺术成就最高的作品都是在此时期完成。他死后，诗人和剧作家本 琼森（Ben Jonson）在这个时代最为著名。不过，琼森的审美观事倾向于中世纪的，而不是都铎王朝。他笔下的角色都遵循着旧时的 体液理论 。琼森强调四元素的不同造成了人的行为差异，创造出已经有些陈词滥调的形象；而莎士比亚早已转向了近代心理学。但琼森对文体的掌握得心应手，也是个出色的讽刺大师。他写的《狐坡尼》（Volpone）就讲述了一群骗子被另一个骗子高手戏耍的故事，表达了善恶有报的主题。其他与琼森风格相近的作家有博蒙和弗莱彻（Beaumont and Fletcher）。他们两人合作也创作出精彩的喜剧《烧火杵之王》（The Knight of the Burning Pestle），对新生的中产阶级和暴发户进行了讽刺。两个人作品的主要价值之一在于，他们描绘了封建制度和骑士精神早已经变成了势利的象征，而新兴的社会阶层正在逐渐升起。这个时期内， 复仇戏剧 （revenge play）也很流行，主要人物是约翰 韦伯斯特（John Webster）和托马斯 基德（Thomas Kyd）。乔治 查普曼（George Chapman）也写了两篇复仇悲剧，但他主要的贡献是翻译了《荷马史诗》。译本对其后所有的英语文学产生了极大的影响（后世的济慈（John Keats）也是受到了荷马史诗的启发才写出了很多著名的诗篇）。◆散文詹姆士一世的英皇钦定本《圣经》是当时英国历史上最大的翻译工程之一，1604年开始，1611年结束。从威廉 丁道尔开始，一直有人致力于将《圣经》翻译为英文，发展到这时达到了顶峰。英皇钦定本成为英国国教（圣公会）的标准版本，也是英语文学史上最著名的作品之一。詹姆士一世亲自领导这个项目，监督下属的四十七位学者。1970年后完成了一部更准确的译本，其后也出现很多版本；不过相比较而言詹姆士一世的诗句最为出色，格律模仿了希伯来语原文的韵文。培根是这时期另一位散文家，在文学上的代表作有文笔优美的《散文集》。查理一世时期查理一世于1625年至1649年在位，期间国王和议会冲突不断，最终爆发英国内战。保王党诗人（Cavalier poets）的作品是这个时期比较有名的文学。这些诗人是在英国内战中支持查理一世的一派，包括琼森等。共和与护国政体时期1649年至1660年为共和时期（the Commenwealth），中间（1653年－1659年）则穿插著护国政体时期（the Protectorate）。这段时间清教统治者严禁公开的戏剧表演，给英语戏剧的发展造成沉重打击。约翰 弥尔顿在这个时期很活跃，著名散文有《论岀版自由》等。玄学诗人安德鲁 马维尔在这段动荡的时期内也很有名。日记作家约翰 伊夫林和萨缪尔 佩皮斯也描绘出了当时的文化与社会景观。新古典主义文学英语文学的新古典主义时期，从1660年查理二世复辟起，到1798年浪漫主义宣言《抒情民谣集》岀现结束。18世纪的英格兰受到法国起源的启蒙运动影响，称作 启蒙时代 或 理性时代 。诗歌风格非常古典；现实风格的小说十分流行；哥特式小说也很有市场；到18世纪末时，感伤主义小说也逐渐兴起，最终由浪漫主义取代继承。复辟时期查理二世于1660年（实际）至1685年在位（复辟时期则一般延伸至1689年）。其间诗歌、戏剧、散文等体裁的分段时间并不相同，但大体都于17世纪末期结束。◆戏剧允许剧院重新开张后，出现了 复辟喜剧 形式，对新贵族和崛起的资产阶级进行讽刺。前一代人的社会动荡不安，随之引发社会人群大规模的阶层流动，这些都为 礼俗喜剧 （comedy of manners，也译作世态喜剧、社会风情喜剧等）提供了素材。第一位职业女性英语小说家、剧作家阿芙拉 班就出现在这个时期。爱尔兰岀生的威廉 康格里夫也是复辟喜剧最有名的剧作家之一。◆散文、小说约翰 本仁创作了英语文学中最著名的宗教寓言故事《天路历程》，风格借鉴自英文《圣经》，笔法具体详细又十分生动，即使是社会最底层的民众也能够阅读。全篇贯穿著 生命即旅程 的主题。◆诗歌约翰 弥尔顿在1667年出版经典的宗教史诗《失乐园》，在强调自由意志和选择的基调上讲述了圣经中人类堕落的故事；除此之外还著有《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。约翰 德莱顿也是有名的诗人、文学批评家和剧作家。他最高成就在讽刺诗方面，押韵偶句也十分出色。他的诗歌被蒲柏和约翰逊等人借鉴，在18世纪的影响很大。奥古斯都时期在当代文学批评界的时间划分中，英语文学的奥古斯都时期（Augustan Age）大体岀现在1700年至1760年左右（有人认为可以延伸到1789年），其间在位的君主有安妮女王、乔治一世和乔治二世（或加上乔治三世）。这段时期英语小说迅猛成长，讽刺文学遍地开花，戏剧从偏重于政治转向通俗的情节剧。当时资本主义蓬勃发展、重商主义成为一门正式的价值体系，贸易经济深入人心，哲学上经验主义占据主导地位。◆诗歌不少诗人很大程度上受到古拉丁文学的启发，体裁极为正式，在亚历山大 蒲柏的作品中能清晰体现岀来。蒲柏本人坚定支持新古典主义的发展，他认为当时社会的现存体制已经很理想，但也非对道德、文化的急速沦丧视而不见。他的代表作有《秀发劫》（或《夺发记》）、《论人》、《论批评》和《笨伯咏》等，也翻译了《奥德赛》和《伊利亚特》。托马斯 格雷1751年写成《墓园挽歌》（或《乡村墓园挽歌》、《挽歌辞》等）是英语文学中最著名的挽歌之一。格雷写作十分谨慎、极为斟酌用词，注重形式和诗句的完美。诗歌外观精美，诗意复杂间接，人工雕琢的迹象十分明显。当时很多人都属于这一派，称作墓园诗人（有时候也叫 前浪漫主义诗人 ），抒发著忧郁的情绪和对自然的热爱。◆小说英语小说直到18世纪才开始广泛流行。到18世纪中叶时，经过知名作者的努力，小说形式已经完全巩固了地位。丹尼尔 笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》出版于1719年，在当时非常流行。鲁滨逊象征著当时英国社会典型的中产阶级形象：大英帝国的建设者，先锋殖民者，辛勤劳动和清教坚忍性格的化身。乔纳森 斯威夫特的经典讽刺小说《格列佛游记》出版于1726年，其中的 小人国 也已经成为儿童文学的一部分。但原书的主要目的在于讽刺当时英国社会和政府中各种荒诞可笑的现象，小说中其他三个国家，尤其是 天空之城 犀利揭露了人类社会的弊病和恶习。亨利 菲尔丁的《汤姆 琼斯》完成于1749年，对人性善恶有深刻的描绘。菲尔丁认为，小说的目的不应该只有娱乐，也要指导读者，要通过真实描写现实生活来帮助人们更加清晰地认识自我。他试图保留古典作品中的史诗风格，同时又忠于现实。语言轻松亲切、惟妙惟肖；词句逻辑性很强，也很有韵律；作品的整体构架也经过精心的设计。劳伦斯 斯特恩的《项狄传》创作于1760-1770年中，风靡全欧。书中所用的风格是后世意识流作品的前身。偏爱书信体小说的塞缪尔 理查逊在1740年出版了《帕蜜拉》，1748年出版了《克拉丽莎》。他的作品十分注重宣扬当时的正统道德观，尤其是最有名的这两本都是在讲述妇女的贞操品行。理查逊在当时也是很有名的小说家，作品影响到了卢梭、歌德、珍 奥斯汀等人。托比亚斯 斯摩莱特是苏格兰的小说家，他的作品对后世的狄更斯影响很深。◆戏剧爱尔兰剧作家理查德 布林斯利 谢立丹的经典之作是1777年的《丑闻学校》（或《造谣学校》），文学界认为此剧是英语 礼俗喜剧 的巅峰之作之一。他的戏剧经常强调人类的道德性。当时同样出名的剧作家还有爱尔兰的奥利佛 戈德史密斯，他最著名的作品是《威克斐牧师传》。◆其他萨缪尔 约翰逊1755年完成了第一部英格兰人写成的英语字典。除此之外，他还是有名的文学批评家、诗人、散文家、传记作家等。他非常著重人类愿望的虚荣性，在文学创作上标准相对保守，强调作者应该领会普世的真理。浪漫主义文学蒸气机的运用使英格兰城乡发生翻天覆地的变化，工业化使城镇扩大，圈地运动和农场私有化使乡村人口迅速减少。很多失去土地的贫农涌进城市到工厂里工作。五个词的含义改变：industry（工业，曾指创新）、democracy（民主，曾是贬义词，指暴民统治）、class（带上了阶级含义）、art（艺术，原来的意思只有工艺、手艺）和culture（文化，原来只和务农有关）。与此相反，工人们的惨境、新生的阶级冲突和环境污染使人们对都市化和工业化产生了厌烦情绪，促使文学家转而重新去发现大自然的美丽和价值。人们将大地母亲视做唯一的智慧源泉，机器带来的丑陋只有大自然才能够将其化解。法国启蒙思想家卢梭十分强调自然和本能相对文明的优越性，这种思想很快就为几乎所有欧洲诗人接受。英语文学的浪漫主义时期一般认为从1798年《抒情民谣集》发表正式开始（之前有几位先驱），到1832年沃尔特 司各特爵士辞世和改革法案（Reform Act 1832）通过结束。当时在位的君主有乔治三世、乔治四世，还可以算上威廉四世。◆先驱威廉 布莱克和罗伯特 彭斯。◆湖畔派诗人英格兰首先出现的浪漫主义文人是湖畔派诗人等一小群友人，包括骚塞、华兹华斯和柯勒律治等。他们为文学界注入了新鲜的情感主义和内省的理念；英语文学中第一部浪漫主义宣言就出现在《抒情民谣集》的前言中。这部集子大部分都是华兹华斯的功劳，柯勒律治也贡献了著名的《古舟子咏》。不过两人对浪漫主义的理解大相迳庭：柯勒律治努力要把超自然的事物现实化（就像今日的科幻电影中运用特殊效果让不可能成为可能一样）；华兹华斯则希望通过描绘现实生活中的真实人物或湖区的自然风光来使读者自己进行丰富的想象。◆积极浪漫主义第二代 浪漫主义诗人包括拜伦、雪莱、玛丽 雪莱和济慈等，和第一批湖畔诗人描写田园风光不同，他们的作品鲜明体现岀对抗传统的战斗性。雪莱和拜伦十分相像：也是富裕贵族出身，信奉无神论和自由思想，迫于性丑闻逃离英格兰。他先是因为无神论从大学赶了出来，后是因为支持爱尔兰独立从英格兰赶了出来。之前娶过一位16岁少女哈莉特 维斯布鲁克，但很快就抛弃了对方选择了玛丽（哈莉特随后自杀）。哈莉特不同意他对自由恋爱和无政府主义的理想，也没有受过足够的教育能够与他文学辩论。雪莱的代表作是《西风颂》，尽管他声称绝不相信有神的存在，但普遍认为这首诗是对泛神论的致敬，承认了大自然中的精神存在。玛丽 雪莱是哲学家、革命家威廉 高德温的女儿，与雪莱兴趣相投，自己也是一位诗人。和已故的母亲玛丽 沃斯通克拉夫特一样都是女权主义者。玛丽不是因为诗歌出名，而是作为科幻小说之母广为人知。科学怪人的故事提前预计了今天的器官移植、组织再生等技术，也提出了今天仍在困扰人类的道德伦理问题。但这个故事同样也很富有浪漫主义气息：虽然 怪物 聪明善良，但因为周围人对他的恐惧和他本人的绝望使其终于沦为杀人的机器。约翰 济慈可能不是很同意拜伦和雪莱的极端革命理念，不过他对泛神论的崇拜和雪莱一样十分重要。济慈对古希腊的事物很感兴趣，他对艺术的强调尤其体现在《希腊古瓮咏》中，这种情感为浪漫主义带来一股清新的空气，后来也启发了沃特 佩特和奥斯卡 王尔德等人为艺术而艺术的理念。维多利亚时代威廉四世逝世后，英国开始了长达63年的维多利亚女王统治时期（1837年至1901年）。这段时期是其工业革命和大英帝国的顶峰，号称 日不落帝国 ，经济政治势力空前强盛，文学、艺术、建筑和科技都有很大发展。文学中体现岀的此时代精神风貌，既包括一整套高贵、体面、严肃、克制的道德体系，同时又深刻揭露岀当时飞速发展扩张的社会中种种残酷的阴暗面，如泛滥的卖淫嫖娼、雇佣童工现象，帝国主义无情剥削殖民地和工人阶级等等。不但描绘著上流社会雍容华贵、尔虞我诈的奢侈享乐，还讲述著中产阶级虚荣、挣扎著向上攀爬的刻意体面生活，又刻画岀下层人民食不果腹、艰辛困苦的悲惨境地。19世纪后期到20世纪初期，爱尔兰产生了叶芝、萧伯纳、王尔德、乔伊斯等一批享誉世界的大文豪。这些人用英语写作的作品刻画了世纪之交英国、爱尔兰以及欧洲的社会景观、文学艺术思潮和民生百态，是英语文学中璀璨的明珠。◆小说维多利亚时期内，小说成为英语文学的主流形式。大多数作家都开始转向规模逐渐扩大的中产阶级，普通民众的品位喜好越来越比贵族资助者的更加具有诱惑力。简 奥斯丁逝于1817年（维多利亚时代之前），处于浪漫主义文学和维多利亚文学之间的过渡期。她的小说从女性的视角描绘了没落贵族的生活，用讽刺幽默的笔法呈现出当时英格兰的社会问题，尤其是婚姻和金钱。查尔斯 狄更斯于19世纪30年代岀现在文学舞台上，也采用了当时的连载岀版风潮。狄更斯重视描绘出伦敦日常生活的景观，尤其是下层社会穷人的挣扎与拼搏，不过笔法相对诙谐幽默，哪个阶层的读者都能够接受。早期的作品《匹克威克外传》等都是喜剧的经典之作。到后期，他的作品如《双城记》、《远大前程》等内容要严肃灰暗许多，但笔锋仍然未失讽刺夸张的特色。其他著名的有勃朗特姐妹的作品、萨克雷的讽刺小说《名利场》、乔治 艾略特的现实主义小说和安东尼 特罗洛普对地主阶级日常生活的忠实刻画。以托马斯 哈代为代表的一群小说家对乡村生活兴趣颇深，在作品中描绘出乡下地区迅速变迁的社会和经济环境以及对普通民众生活、心理的冲击与影响。◆诗歌这段时期重要的诗人包括丁尼生、罗伯特 勃朗宁和伊丽莎白 巴瑞特 勃朗宁夫妇，还有马修 阿诺德。约翰 拉斯金和罗塞蒂在诗歌方面也有很高成就。◆戏剧萧伯纳和奥斯卡 王尔德都是爱尔兰岀生的剧作家，大部分时间居住在英格兰，用英语写作。二人在19世纪末期的岀现象徴著爱尔兰戏剧的成熟。王尔德在当时的英格兰和美国都十分有名气，是唯美主义运动的倡导者。萧伯纳的作品则跨越了维多利亚时代，一战后仍然在创作；除此之外他还是著名的文学艺术评论家，但他在政治立场上亲斯大林，甚至有些发言能解读成亲希特勒，还说过一些反犹太主义的话，因此在这点上也是饱受后人批评。◆其他值得一提的还有儿童文学。最著名的是刘易斯 卡罗尔的《爱丽丝梦游仙境》，其中运用大量的 胡话诗 和奇异的场景与对话描写。同样偏好 胡话诗 的还有爱德华 李尔。20世纪初期1901年至1910年，英王爱德华七世在位，称作爱德华（七世）时期（有时这段时期也延伸到1914年或1918年）。乔治五世于1910年至1936年在位，经历了第一次世界大战。爱德华时期的英国社会对欧陆艺术和风尚十分痴迷，当时的阶级划分也最为僵化。经历维多利亚时期的殖民扩张，帝国主义和种族主义的思想在英语文学中较为普遍。现代主义运动在1910年左右也开始兴盛。一战过后，战争的残酷让很多文人放弃了 爱国主义 和帝国主义的主题。印度出生的卢迪亚 吉卜林是20世纪初期受欢迎的英语作家之一。他的作品题材变化万千，包括小说、短篇小说和诗歌等等。内容大多数根据他在英国统治印度期间的亲身经历而来。吉卜林在一战前坚决支持帝国主义，也被后人抨击有强烈的种族主义和反犹太主义思想，因此在现当代的名声并不好。◆诗歌托马斯 哈代在1895年出版《无名的裘德》，书中阐述的婚姻道德观与当时社会格格不入，评论家和公众的狂轰滥炸导致他一怒之下放弃小说创作，转而写作诗歌。在20世纪前10年中，他是英语诗歌的代表人物之一。《乔治诗集》（Georgian Poetry）是在乔治五世时期由爱德华 马什（Edward Marsh）编辑、哈罗德 门罗（Harold Monro）岀版的诗集，包括爱德蒙 布伦登、罗伯特 格雷夫斯、D.H.劳伦斯、德拉 梅尔、西格夫里 萨松等人。这些诗作所代表的时代处于极其古典的维多利亚文学之后，又在抛弃纯唯美主义的现代主义文学之前。乔治诗歌的共同点包括浪漫主义、感伤主义和享乐主义等情绪。◆小说约瑟夫 康拉德是波兰岀生的英国小说家。他的作品融合了浪漫主义和现实主义，又涉及现代人的暧昧道德观。所以不少评论家认为他是现代主义文学的先驱。他的小说通常围绕水手和大海的主题展开。
解放军文职招聘考试2014年6月英语四级真题(第二套)-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育
发布时间：2017-06-18 18:52:362014年6月英语四级真题(第二套)听力文本Section AA)They came in five different colors.B)They were good value for money.C)They were a very good design.D)They were sold out very quickly.A)Ask her roommate not to speak loudly on the phone.B)Ask her roommate to make her phone calls outside.C)Go and find a quieter place to review her lessons.D)Report her problem to the dorm management.A)The washing machine is totally beyond repair.B)He will help Wendy prepare her annual report.C)Wendy should give priority to writing her report.D)The washing machine should be checked annually.A)The man fell down when removing the painting.B)The wall will be decorated with a new painting.C)The woman likes the painting on the wall.D)The painting is now being reframed.A)It must be missing.B)It was left in the room.C)The man took it to the market.D)She placed it on the dressing table.A)Go to a play.B)Meet Janet.C)Book some tickets.D)Have a get-together.A)One box of books is found missing.B)Some of the boxes arrived too late.C)C) Replacements have to be ordered.D)Some of the books are damaged.A) The man will pick up Professor Johnson at her office.B) The man did not expect his paper to be graded so soon.C) Professor Johnson has given the man a very high grade.D) Professor Johnson will talk to each student in her office.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A)To buy a present for his friend who is getting married.B)To find out the cost for a complete set of cookware.C)To see what he could ask his friends to buy for him.D)To make inquiries about the price of an electric cooker.A) To teach him how to use the kitchenware.B) To discuss cooking experiences with him.C) To tell him how to prepare delicious dishes.D) To recommend suitable kitchenware to him.A) There are so many different sorts of knives.B) Cooking devices are such practical presents.C) A mixer can save so much time in making cakes.D) Saucepans and frying pans arc a must in the kitchen.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A) Some now problems in her work.B) Cooperation with an international bank.C) Her chance for promotion in the bank.D) Her intention to leave her present job.A) The World Bank.B) Bank of Washington.C) A US finance corporation.D) An investment bank in New York.A) Supervising financial transactions.B) Taking charge of public relations.C) Making loans to private companies in developing countries.D) Offering service to international companies in the United States.A) It is a first major step to realizing the woman s dream.B) It is an honor for the woman and her present employer.C) It is a loss for her current company.D) It is really beyond his expectation.Section BPassage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) Carry out a thorough checkup.B) Try to keep the gas tank full.C) Keep extra gas in reserve.D) Fill up the water tank.A)Attempting to leave your car to seek help.B)Opening a window a hit to let in fresh air.C) Running the engine every now and then.D) Keeping the heater on for a long time.A) It exhausts you physically.B) It makes you fall asleep easily.C) It causes you to lose body heat.D) It consumes too much oxygen.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.A)They are very generous in giving gifts.B)They refuse gifts when doing business.C)They regard gifts as a token of friendship.D)They give gifts only on special occasions.A)They enjoy giving gifts to other people.B)They spend a lot of time choosing gifts.C)They have to follow many specific rules.D)They pay attention to the quality of gifts.A) Gift-giving plays an important role in human relationships.B) We must be aware of cultural differences in giving gilts.C) We must learn how to give gifts before going abroad.D) Reading extensively makes one a better gift-giver.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) It reflects American people s view of French politics.B) It is first published in Washington and then in Paris.C) It explains American politics to the French public.D) It is popular among French government officials.A) Work on her column.B) Do housework at home.C) Entertain her guests.D) Go shopping downtown.A) To report to her newspaper.B) To refresh her French.C) To visit her parents.D) To meet her friends.A) She might be recalled to France.B) She might change her profession.C) She might close her Monday column.D) She might be assigned to a new post.Section CAccording to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he is considered ___26___ until the court proves the person is guilty.To arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably sure that a crime has been ___27___. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they arc arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station, where the name of the person and the ___28___ against him arc formally listed.The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or ___29___. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court ___30___ run away. he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail（保释金）. At this time, too, the judge will ___31___ a court lawyer to defend the suspect if he can t afford one.The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney s office presents a case against the suspect. The attorney may present ___32___ as well as witnesses. The judge then decides whether there is enough reason to ___33___.The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is ___34___ to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the ___35___ of the American government.M: Did you buy any of the sweaters that we are on sale?W: Buy any? I got five of them. They were such a good bargain.Q: What does the woman say about the sweaters?W: I have trouble concentrating when my roommate talks so loud on her mobile phone.M: Why don t you just ask her to lower her voice?Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?W: Wendy s in the basement, trying to fix the washing machine.M: Shouldn t she be working on her annual report?Q: What does the man mean?W: What happened to the painting that used to be on the wall?M: It fell down and the glass broke. I m having it reframed.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?M: You must have left the camera in the market. It s a very expensive camera you know.W: But I tell you that I didn t take it. I remember clearly that you put it on the dressing table.Q: What does the woman say about the camera?W: There is a good comedy on at the theatre Royal next Saturday. If you like, I can book four seats for us.M: All right. I ll ask Janet if she is free then. I ll let you know tomorrow.Q: What does the woman suggest they do next Saturday?W: We ve opened the first box. Look! Some of these books are soaked.M: They should ve used waterproof wrappings. What are we going to do about it? It s too late to order replacements.Q: What do we learn about the conversation?W: Professor Johnson said you can pick up your term paper at her office.M: So she has graded it?Q: What can we infer from the conversation?Long Conversation 1W: Can I help you?M: Well. I m not sure. I hope so. (9) You see, actually, I m getting married soon. And my friends want to buy me presents and things.W: And would you like some things for the kitchen.M: Yes, that s right. I thought if I could find out things about kitchen things. They would be the best sorts of presents.W: Well. I suppose the first thing you need is a cooker. Do you like an electron one or a gas one?M: Hm. I think I probably prefer a gas one. But cookers are very expensive. Aren t they? How much is this one?W: It s 175 pounds, including tax and delivery. It s a very good one though.M: But It s a lot of money, isn t it? What sorts of things could I ask people to buy? You know, cheaper.W: Well. You need some pans, won t you? A set of pans, I suppose, and drying pans. Do you like cooking?M: Yes. I suppose so.W: Well. (10) In that case, you might like a mixer. If you make cakes and things like that, it ll save you a lot of time. And a blender too. That s good if you make soup and things.M: Hm. That s a thought.W: Something else you might use is a set of these knifes, you know, carving knifes, bread knifes, steak knifes, fruit knifes, potato peeling knifes.M: (11) Heavens! I never knew so many sorts.W: Oh, Yeah. Come over here and I ll show you some more.Q9 Why is the man is in the kitchen ware shop?Q10 Why does the woman want to know whether the man likes cooking?Q11 What does the man say he has never realized?Long Conversation 2M: Good morning, Mrs. Thomson.W: Oh, Mr. Minesuka. Please come in and sit down. I want to talk to you about something that has come up.M: What s up? Anyway, I ll be glad to help you with anything I can.W: Some advice, Mr. Minesuka. (12) I ve been offered a new job.M: A new job?W: As a matter of fact, it isn t the bank in New York.M: It s the offer from another bank?W: It s from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in Washington.M: (13) You mean the World Bank?W: (13) That s right. And it s really very unexpected, I might say.M: You ve established reputation in international banking circles. May I ask what kind of position they ve offered you?W: A rather important one, as a matter of fact, deputy director of the International Finance Corporation.M: (14) Isn t that the part of the Bank that makes loans to private companies in the developing countries?W: (14) Yes, it is. It s a job that certainly offers a chance for public service.M: It seems to me that it s a real honor for you.W: Yes, it is. But I ve been with this bank for so many years, ever since I graduated from college, in fact.M: (15) But it s an honor for the bank too, for the training and experience it s given you.W: Yes, I suppose I can think of it that way.M: Then you ve decided to accept the offer?W: Probably, yes, almost certainly. I d like to think I can do some work that will contribute to international corporation and understanding.Q12 What does the woman want to discuss with the man?Q13 Who offered the woman the new job?Q14 What will be the woman s main responsibility as a deputy director?Q15 What does the man think of the job offer?Passage 1Good transportation is very important in winter. (16) If you have a car, make sure it is ready for the cold weather. Keep the gas tank as nearly full as you can. This will keep water out of the tank and will be a reserve in case you get into trouble. (17) If a storm traps you in your car, there are some steps you should take for your own safety. Do not tend to walk to find help. You may quickly lose your way in blowing and drifting snow. Your chances of being found are better if you stay in your car. Keep a downwind window open slightly for fresh air. Freezing rain can seal off your car and lock you inside. Run the engine and heater once in a while. Keep the same downwind window open while the engine is running. Make sure that snow has not blocked the exhaust pipe. Clap your hands and move your arms and legs from time to time. Do not stay in one position too long. But, do not move too much. (18) Exercise warms you up, but it also causes you to lose body heat. If more than one person is in the car, do not sleep at the same time. One person should always be awake. If you are alone, stay awake as long as you can. Turn on the inside light at night. This would make your car more visible to rescue crews. Don t panic. Stay with your car.Q16 What does the speaker say you should do in winter with your car?Q17 What should you avoid doing if a storm traps you in the car?Q18 Why is too much exercise undesirable when you are trapped in a car by a winter storm?Passage 2The topic of my talk today is gift-giving. Everybody likes to receive gifts, right? So you may think that gift-giving is a universal custom, but actually the rules of gift-giving vary quite a lot. And not knowing them can result in great embarrassment. In North America the rules are fairly simple. If you are invited to someone s home for dinner, bring wine or flowers, or a small item from your country. (19) Among friends, family and business associates, we generally don t give gifts on other occasions except on someone s birthday and Christmas. The Japanese, on other hand, give gifts quite frequently, often to thank someone for their kindness. The tradition of gift-giving in Japan is very ancient. (20) There are many detailed rules for everything, from the color of the wrapping paper to the time of the gift presentation. And while Europeans don t generally exchange business gifts, they do follow some formal customs when visiting homes, such as bringing flowers. The type and color of flowers, however, can carry special meaning. Today, we have seen some broad differences in gift-giving. I could go on with additional examples, but let s not miss the main point here. (21) If we are not aware of and sensitive to cultural differences, the possibilities for miscommunication and conflict are enormous. Whether we learn about these differences by reading a book or by living abroad, our goal must be to respect differences among people in order to get along successfully with our global neighbors.Q19 What does the speaker say about gift-giving of North Americans?Q20 What do we learn about the Japanese concerning gift-giving?Q21 What point does the speaker make at the end of the talk?Passage 3Claudette Rigo is a reporter for a French newspaper. Her assignment for the last five years has been Washington and American politics. She reports the current political news for her paper.In addition, she writes the column that is published every week. (22) The column explains American politics to her readers in France. They often find it very difficult to understand the United States and Americans. Claudette lives in a small house in a fashionable section of Washington. She entertains a great deal. Her guests are usually government officials, diplomats, lawyers and other newspaper people. When she isn t entertaining, she goes out to dinners and parties. In spite of her busy social life, Claudette works very hard. The parties are really work for her, because reporters frequently get news stories just by talking and listening to people. Claudette also has a small office in the building downtown. She goes there every morning to write up her stories and send them to Paris. (23) Her column is published every Monday, so she usually spends a large part of the weekend working on it at home. (24) Claudette spends a month in France every year, so that she won t forget how to speak French. In spite of all of her experience in Washington, Claudette may be transferred. This is an election year in the United States when the people elect a new president. (25) When the election is over, Claudette thinks that her newspaper in Pairs may change her assignment.Q22 What do we learn about the column Claudette writes?Q23 What does Claudette usually do on weekends?Q24 Why does Claudette spend a month in France every year?Q25 What might happen to Claudette after this year s American presidential election?Compound Dictation26. innocent 27. committed 28. charges29. released 30. rather than 31. appoint32. evidence 33. hold a trial 34. designed 35. foundation26. innocent27. committed28. charges29. released30. rather than31. appoint32. evidence33. hold a trial34. designed35. foundation
解放军文职招聘考试2012年6月英语六级考试听力真题-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育
发布时间：2017-06-18 17:27:152012年6月英语六级考试听力真题Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B) ,C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答.11. A) The serious accident may leave Anna paralyzed.B) The man happened to see Anna fall on her back.C) The injury will confine Anna to bed for quite a while.D) The doctor s therapy has been very successful.12. A) The man could watch the ballet with her.B) She happened to have bought two tickets.C) She can get a ballet ticket for the man.D) Her schedule conflicts with her sister s.13. A) He will send someone right away.B) He has to do other repairs first.C) The woman can call later that day.D) The woman can try to fix it herself.14. A) Take up collection next week.B) Give his contribution some time later.C) Buy an expensive gift for Gemma.D) Borrow some money from the woman.15. A) Decline the invitation as early as possible.B) Ask Tony to convey thanks to his mother.C) Tell Tony s mother that she eats no meat.D) Add more fruits and vegetables to her diet.16. A) The increasing crime rate.B) The impact of mass media.C) The circulation of newspapers.D) The coverage of newspapers.17. A) Limit the number of participants in the conference.B) Check the number of people who have registered.C) Provide people with advice on career development.D) Move the conference to a more spacious place.18. A) The apartment is still available.B) The apartment is close to the campus.C) The advertisement is outdated.D) On-campus housing is hard to secure.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) To test how responsive dolphins are to various signals.B) To find out if the female dolphin is cleverer than the male one.C) To see if dolphins can learn to communicate with each other.D) To examine how long it takes dolphins to acquire a skill.20. A) Produce the appropriate sound.B) Press the right-hand lever first.C) Raise their heads above the water.D) Swim straight into the same tank.21. A) Only one dolphin was able to see the light.B) The male dolphin received more rewards.C) Both dolphins were put in the same tank.D) The lever was beyond the dolphins reach.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) In a botanical garden.B) In a lecture room.C) In a resort town.D) On a cattle farm.23. A) It is an ideal place for people to retire to.B) It is at the centre of the fashion industry.C) It remains very attractive with its mineral waters.D) It has kept many traditions from Victorian times.24. A) It was named after a land owner in the old days.B) It is located in the eastern part of Harrogate.C) It is protected as parkland by a special law.D) It will be used as a centre for athletic training.25. A) The beautiful flowers.B) The refreshing air.C) The mineral waters.D) The vast grassland.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage oneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the .. just heard.26. A)He specializes for University students.B) He start specialized sinse University.C) He specialized in interpersonal relationship.D)He specializes in interpersonal relationship.27. A) Students who scored low standardized tests.B) Black freshmen with high standardized test scores.C) Students who are accustomed to living in dorms.D) Black students from families with low incomes.28. A) They at the college dorms at the end of the semester.B) They were of the university s housing policy.C) They generally spend more time together that white pairs.D) They broke up more often than same-race roommates.29. A) Their racial attitudes improved.B) Their test scores rose gradually.C) They grew bored of each other.D) They started doing similar activities.Passage twoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the .. just heard.30. A) It will become popular gradually.B) It will change the concept of food.C) It has attracted worldwide attention.D) It can help solve global flood crises.31. A) It has been increased over the years.B) It has been drastically cut by NASA.C) It is still far from being sufficient.D) It comes regularly from its donors.32. A) They are less healthy than we expected.B) They are not as expensive as believe.C) They are more nutritious and delicious.D) They are not as natural as we believed.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the .. just heard.33. A) He has better memories of childhood.B) He was accused of family violence.C) He is a habitual criminal.D) He was wrongly imprisoned.34. A) The jury s prejudice against his race.B) The evidence found at the crime scene.C) The two victims identification.D) The testimony of his two friends.35. A) The US judicial system has much room for improvement.B) Frightened victims can rarely make correct identification.C) Eyewitnesses are often misled by the layer s questions.D) Many factors influence the accuracy of witness testimony.SECTION CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.注意：此部分的试题请在答题卡2上作答。About 700,000 children in Mexico dropped out of school last year as recession-stricken families pushed kids to work, and a weak economic recovery will allow only a (36)_________improvement in the drop-out rate in 2010, a top education (37) _________said.Mexico s economy suffered more than any other in Latin America last year, (38) _________an estimated 7 percent due to a (39) _________in U.S. demand for Mexican exports such as cars.The (40) _________led to a 4 percent increase in the number of kids who left (41) _________or middle school in 2009, said Juan de Dios Castro, who (42) _________the nation s adult education program and keeps a close watch on drop-out rates.(43) _________rose and that is a factor that makes our job more difficult. Castro told Reuters in an interview earlier this month.(44)_________________________________________________________________.As a result, drop-out rates will not improve much, Castro said. There will be some improvement, but not significant, Castro said.(45)_________________________________________________________________. And children often sell candy and crafts in the streets or word in restaurants.(46)_________________________________________________________________________. Mexico s politicians have resisted mending the country s tax, energy and labor laws for decades, leaving its economy behind countries such as Brazil and Chile.每天15分钟英语听力ID：shrj520小伙伴关注了之后，听力变成送分题▲微信扫描以上二维码ACACD BCADA CBDDC CDCCA DCAAB36. slight37. official38. shrinking39. plunge40. decline41. primary42. heads43. Poverty44. Hampered by higher taxes and weak demand for its exports, Mexico"s economy is seen only partially recovering this year.45. Mexico has historically had high drop-out rates as poor families pull kids out of school to help put food on the table，46. The nation"s drop-out problem is just the latest bad news for the long-term competitiveness of the Mexican economy.
解放军文职招聘考试2016年6月英语六级听力真题第二套-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育
发布时间：2017-06-18 17:44:282016年6月英语六级听力真题第二套Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man s switch to a new career.D) The restructuring of her company.2. A) Talented personnel.B) Strategic innovation.C) Competitive products.D) Effective promotion.3. A) Expand the market.B) Recruit more talents.C) Innovate constantly.D) Watch out for his competitors.4. A) Possible bankruptcy.B) Unforeseen difficulties.C) Conflicts within the company.D) Imitation by one s competitors.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) The job of an interpreter.B) The stress felt by professionals.C) The importance of language proficiency.D) The best way to effective communication.6. A) Promising.B) Admirable.C) Rewarding.D) Meaningful.7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.B) They all have professional qualifications.C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D) It puts one s long-term memory under more stress.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。Passage OneQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) It might affect mothers health.B) It might disturb infants sleep.C) It might increase the risk of infants, death.D) It might increase mothers mental distress.10. A) Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B) Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C) Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies health.D) Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.11. A) Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies .B) Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C) Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D) Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.Passage TwoQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B) The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C) The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D) More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13. A) To set up more language schools.B) To document endangered languages.C) To educate native American children.D) To revitalise America s native languages.14. A) The US govemment s policy of Americanising Indian children.B) The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C) The US government s unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D) The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15. A) It is being utilised to teach native languages.B) It tells traditional stories during family time.C) It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D) It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。Recording OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for work.B) It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.C) It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D) It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17. A) Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B) Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C) Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D) Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18. A) To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B) To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C) To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D) To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.Recording TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) They measured the depths of sea water.B) They analyzed the water content.C) They explored the ocean floor.D) They investigated the ice.20. A) Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B) Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C) The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D) The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21. A) Arctic ice is a major source of the world s fresh water.B) The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C) The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D) Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22. A) It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B) There is no easy way to understand it.C) It will advance nuclear technology.D) There is no easy technological solution to it.Recording ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.23. A) The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.B) The relation between children s self-control and their future success.C) The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D) The deciding factor in children s academic performance.24. A) Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B) Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C) Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.D) Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25. A) Self-control can be improved through education.B) Self-control can improve one s financial situation.C) Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D) Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Section A B C01-04:ABCD05-08:ABBC09-11:CDB12-15:ADAC16-18:ABC19-22:DDCD23-25:BDASection AConversation One1 What seems to have been very successful according to the woman speaker?2 What did the company lack before the man s scheme was implemented?3 What does the man say he should do in his business?4 What does the man say is the risk of innovation?Conversation Two5 What are the speakers mainly talking about?6 What does the man think of Dana s profession?7 What does Dana say about the interpreters she knows?8 What do most interpreters think of consecutive interpreting?Section BPassage One9 What is the long-held view about mothers sleeping with newborn babies?10 What do Israeli researchers findings show?11 What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend mothers do?Passage Two12 What do we learn from the report?13 For what purpose does Fred Nahwooksy appeal for more funding?14 What is the historical cause of the decline in the American Indian Languages?15 What does the speaker say about television?Section CRecording One16 How does unemployment insurance help the unemployed?17 What is local director Elizabeth Walsh of the Bucks County CareerLink doing?18 What does Pennsylvania State Representative Scott Petri say is the best way to help the long-term unemployed?Recording Two19 What did Pen Huddle and his team do in the Arctic Ocean?20 What does the report say about the Arctic region?21 What does Cambridge scientist Peter Wadhams say in his study?22 How does Peter Wadhams view climate change?Recording Three23 What is the new study about?24 What does the study seem to show?25 What does Moffitt say is the good news from their study?
