军队文职公共基础嗨课_军队文职考试

解放军文职招聘考试2018年考研英语基础课（词汇、语法难句与阅读基础） 课堂精讲与复习备考的真题语料（5）-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

解放军文职招聘考试2018年考研英语基础课（词汇、语法难句与阅读基础）课堂精讲与复习备考的真题语料（5）发布时间：2017-06-1114:17:002018年考研英语基础课（词汇、语法难句与阅读基础）课堂精讲与复习备考的真题语料（5）03-1Text1[1-1]WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.[1-2]TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesinWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.[1-3]Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthegreatgameofespionagespyingasaprofession.[1-4]ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovansvocationaswell.[2-1]Thelatestrevolutionisntsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemense-mail.[2-2]Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.[2-3]Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.[2-4]Thespookscallitopen-sourceintelligence,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.[2-5]In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.[2-6]Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.[3-1]AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.[3-2]Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.[3-3]Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitford.com.[4-1]StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymastersdream.[4-2]LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.[4-3]Assoonasthatreportruns,wellsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.[4-4]Andwellhearbackfromsomeofthem.[4-5]Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.[4-6]ThatswhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.[5-1]Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.[5-2]Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.[5-3]Heseesthefirmsoutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.[5-4]StraitfordsbriefsdontsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.[5-5]Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.21.TheemergenceoftheNethas[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan.[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices.[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes.[D]revivedspyingasaprofession.22.Donovansstoryismentionedinthetextto[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying.[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar.[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA.23.Thephrasemakingthebiggestsplash(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans[A]causingthebiggesttrouble.[B]exertingthegreatesteffort.[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess.[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity.24.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that[A]StraitfordspredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue.[B]Straifordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation.[C]Straitfordsbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability.[D]Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation.25.Straitfordismostproudofits[A]officialstatus.[B]nonconformistimage.[C]efficientstaff.[D]militarybackground.03-2Text2[1-1]Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.[1-2]Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.[1-3]Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.[1-4]Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.[1-5]Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.[2-1]Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimalsnomeat,nofur,nomedicines.[2-2]Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.[2-3]Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.[2-4]Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,Dontworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.[2-5]Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdontunderstand.[3-1]Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandablewayinhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.[3-2]Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmothershipreplacement,afathersbypassoperation,ababysvaccinations,andevenapetsshots.[3-3]Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.[4-1]Muchcanbedone.[4-2]Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.[4-3]Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.[4-4]Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.[4-5]Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.[4-6]Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.26.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurkeswordsto[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions.[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights.[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch.[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement.27.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis[A]cruelbutnatural.[B]inhumanandunacceptable.[C]inevitablebutvicious.[D]pointlessandwasteful.28.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublics[A]discontentwithanimalresearch.[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience.[C]indifferencetoepidemics.[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights.29.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould[A]communicatemorewiththepublic.[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch.[C]feelnoshamefortheircause.[D]strivetodevelopnewcures.30．FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis[A]awell-knownhumanist.[B]amedicalpractitioner.[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights.[D]asupporterofanimalresearch.03-3Text3[1-1]Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.[1-2]Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.[1-3]Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.[2-1]Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.[2-2]Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.[2-3]Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.[3-1]Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.[3-2]Railroadstypicallychargesuchcaptiveshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.[3-3]ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.[4-1]Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryonescost.[4-2]Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.[4-3]Itsatheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.[4-4]Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.[5-1]Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.[5-2]Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.[5-3]Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.[5-4]Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.[5-5]Conrailsnetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.[5-6]Whosgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?[5-7]Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.31.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition.[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination.[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist.[D]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat.32.Whatismanycaptiveshippersattitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.33.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.34.Thewordarbiters(line8,paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose[A]whoworkascoordinators.[B]whofunctionasjudges.[C]whosupervisetransactions.[D]whodeterminetheprice.35.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby[A]thecontinuingacquisition.[B]thegrowingtraffic.[C]thecheeringWallStreet.[D]theshrinkingmarket.03-4Text4[1-1]ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.[1-2]Smallwonder.[1-3]Americanslifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.[1-4]Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.[1-5]SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.[1-6]Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeathandourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.[2-1]Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.[2-2]Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.[2-3]Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifitsuseless.[2-4]Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.[2-5]Physiciansfrustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatienttoooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.[3-1]In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.[3-2]In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.[3-3]Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.[3-4]Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.[3-5]Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainagesay83orso.[3-6]FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.[4-1]Iwouldnotgothatfar.[4-2]Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.[4-3]At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.[4-4]SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayOConnorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.[4-5]Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.[4-6]Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.[5-1]Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.[5-2]Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.[5-3]IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.[5-3]Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeopleslives.36.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.37.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted.[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases.[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive.[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable.38.TheauthorsattitudetowardRichardLammsremarkisoneof[A]strongdisapproval.[B]reservedconsent.[C]slightcontempt.[D]enthusiasticsupport.39.IncontrasttotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare[A]moreflexibly.[B]moreextravagantly.[C]morecautiously.[D]morereasonably.40.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeopleslives.[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving.[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife.[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcare.2018年考研英语基础课（词汇、语法难句与阅读基础）课堂精讲与复习备考的真题语料（6）02-1Text1[1-1]Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.[1-2]Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.[1-3]Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.[1-4]Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.[2-1]Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanursesconvention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.[2-2]AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.[2-3]Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.[2-4]Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.[2-5]Whoisthat?thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.[2-6]Oh,thatsGod,camethereply,butsometimeshethinkshesadoctor.[3-1]Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouanditllbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairmansnotoriousbadtasteinties.[3-2]Withotheraudiencesyoumustntattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.[3-3]YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.[4-1]Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.[4-2]Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.[4-3]Oftenitsthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.[5-1]Lookforthehumor.[5-2]Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.[5-3]AtwistonafamiliarquoteIfatfirstyoudontsucceed,giveuporaplayonwordsoronasituation.[5-4]Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.[5-5]Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners.22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare[A]impolitetonewarrivals.[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.[C]entitledtosomeprivileges.[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours.23.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices[A]havebenefitedmanypeople.[B]arethefocusofpublicattention.[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered[A]inwell-wordedlanguage.[B]asawkwardlyaspossible.[C]inexaggeratedstatements.[D]ascasuallyaspossible.25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe[A]UseHumorEffectively.[B]VariousKindsofHumor.[C]AddHumortoSpeech.[D]DifferentHumorStrategies.02-2Text2[1-1]Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.[1-2]Thatcompulsionhasresultedinroboticsthescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.[1-3]Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.[2-1]Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.[2-2]Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.[2-3]Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.[2-4]Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.[2-5]Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracyfargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.[3-1]Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselvesgoalsthatposearealchallenge.[3-2]Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,wecantyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.[4-1]Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.[4-2]Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.[5-1]Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrainsroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalentedandhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicatedthanpreviouslyimagined.[5-2]Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.[5-3]Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.[5-4]ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcantapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldontknowquitehowwedoit.26.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.[D]theelitescunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.27.Thewordgizmos(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]programs.[B]experts.[C]devices.[D]creatures.28.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondmansabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.[C]havealittlecommonsense.[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.29.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.[C]improvefactoryenvironments.[D]cultivatehumancreativity.30.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.02-3Text3[1-1]Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?[1-2]SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.[1-3]Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.[1-4]Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.[1-5]Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?[2-1]TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.[2-2]Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.[3-1]Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.[3-2]Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.[3-3]InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.[4-1]Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.[4-2]Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.[4-3]Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.[4-4]ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.[4-5]TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25%-0.5%ofGDP.[4-6]Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.[4-7]Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomiestowhichheavyindustryhasshiftedhavebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.[5-1]Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.[5-2]Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.[5-3]TheEconomistscommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.[5-4]In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.31.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis[A]globalinflation.[B]reductioninsupply.[C]fastgrowthineconomy.[D]Iraqssuspensionofexports.32.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif[A]priceofcruderises.[B]commoditypricesrise.[C]consumptionrises.[D]oiltaxesrise.33.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.34.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.35.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems[A]optimistic.[B]sensitive.[C]gloomy.[D]scared.02-4Text4[1-1]TheSupremeCourtsdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.[2-1]Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffect,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffectsagoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseenispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.[3-1]Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatientspain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.[4-1]NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.[5-1]GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.[5-2]Itslikesurgery,hesays.[5-3]Wedontcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidntintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.[5-4]Ifyoureaphysician,youcanriskyourpatientssuicideaslongasyoudontintendtheirsuicide.[6-1]Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.[7-1]JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourtsrulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.[7-2]Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.[8-1]Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.[9-1]Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.[9-2]Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,totheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.[9-3]Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.36.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatientspain.[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.37.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatientsdeath.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.[D]Adoctorsmedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.38.AccordingtotheNASsreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures.[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain.[C]systematicdrugabuse.[D]insufficienthospitalcare.39.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressive(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate.40.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently.[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients.[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.复习2001复习2000复习1999复习1998复习19972018年考研英语基础课（词汇、语法难句与阅读基础）课堂精讲与复习备考的真题语料（3）6月16日OneBeltandOneRoadexhibitionOrganizedbyinstitutionsincludingtheChinaArtsFestivalFoundationandtheChinaInstituteforInnovationandDevelopmentStrategy,theSilkRoadCultureandArtExhibitionwillopentothepubliconDecember28inBeijing.TheexhibitionwilldisplayBR-themedartworksincludingtraditionalChinesepaintingsandcalligraphyworks,aswellascontemporaryoilpaintingsfocusingontheBeltandRoadinitiativebyveteranChineseartists.(65words)ThedevelopmentofcultureandthatoftheeconomyalongtheSilkRoadiscomplementary,justlikethetwowheelsofacartorthetwowingsofabird.WeshouldtaketheBRinitiativeasanopportunitytopromoteourculturetotheworld.TheBRinitiativeissuretoprovideChineseartistsnewideasforthecreationofart.(62words)6月17日Emptynest/raisingachildtocareforyouinoldage17-04-28P12-13Theconceptofraisingachildtocareforyouinoldagewasneveraformallaw,buthasexistedforcenturies.About1,000yearsago,ChenYuanliang,awriterintheSongDynasty(960-1279)developedthisconcept.InlinewithtraditionalConfucianthought,theconceptpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Forcenturies,Chinesepeoplefollowedtheconceptofraisingachildtocareforyouinoldage.Butinrecentyears,thisconcepthascomeunderpressureinthefaceofChina"srapiddevelopment.Parentsmaywellhavetoliveapartfromtheironlychildintheiroldage,withnorelativetolookafterthemsincechildrennolongerwanttoliveintheirhometowns.Whilemanynetizensweresympatheticwiththeparents,manyothersalsoarguedthatit"sselfishforparentstodemandtheirchildthrowawaytheirdreamsjusttotakecareofthem.Furthermore,becauseofthedecades-longone-childpolicy,Chinesechildrenfacemorepressuretotakecareoftheirparentsthaneverbefore.Whengrown,onechildfaceshavingfourgrandparentsandtwoparentstotakecareofandnosiblingwithwhichtheycansharetheburden.Suchfamilystoryhasarousedwidespreaddiscussiononline,becomingoneofthemostpopularnewstopicsonsocialmedia.Thecasehastouchedononeofthemostimportantissuesfacingasocietygoingthroughrapidchanges,whatareourresponsibilitiestoourelderlyfamilymembers?It"sniceforchildrentohavetheirdreams,buttheyneedtothinkoftheirparents.Therearestillmanygapsinthegovernment"sold-agepensionandcaresystem.Thecurrentsystem,bothpublicandprivate,cannotmeettheneedsofthegrowingelderlypopulation.[数据]In2016,ChinaYouthDailyconductedamultiple-choiceonlinesurveyonraisingachildtocareforyouinoldage.Outofthe2,002respondents,47%saidtheysupportthisconcept,38.5%saidtheywillconsiderit,while39.8%saidtheydon"tand64.4%believethismodeisgraduallyfading.Whentalkingaboutwhattheywilldowhentheyareelderly,57.7%saidtheywouldchoosetolivewithapartneroralone,47.8%saidtheywillchoosetoreceivecommunity-basedcareand44%willliveatahome,whileonly28.1%saytheywanttolivewiththeirchildren.Thedatashowsachangingrealityandmindset.Nowadays,itismoreandmoredifficultforchildrentostayandcarefortheirparentsintheiroldage.[数据]Chinahasahugenumberofseniorcitizens,whotogetherareaheavyburdenonthegovernment.NationalBureauofStatistics"datashowsthatin2016,therewereover210millionpeopleinChinaagedover60.Thebureauestimatesthatby2030,therewillbeover300millionelderlypeopleinChina.Officialrhetoricconcerningelderlycarehasalsobeenshiftingawayfromemphasizingchildrencaringforparents.Just10yearsago,somemembersoftheChinesePeople"sPoliticalConsultativeConferencehavesuggestedtheelderlydependontheirhomestoprovidefortheiroldage.Lateron,someprojectswereproposedinwhichtheelderlywouldmortgagetheirhouseinreturnforcashwhichcouldbespentoncare.Buildinganelderlycaresystementirelydependentongovernmentwelfareisunrealistic.Therearetoomanyoldpeopleforthegovernmenttotakecareof.Theelderlycareindustryisnotpreparedforthecomingagingsocietyandcanonlyprovideservicesforafew.In2012,therewereonlyenoughelderlycarehomesnationwidetoprovidefor3millionseniors,whichamountstoabout21bedsforevery1,000elderlypeople.By2014,thenumberhadonlyincreasedto25bedsperevery1,000elderly.Undersuchcircumstances,itisunderstandablethattheelderlyseelittleotherchoicethandependingontheirchildren.6月18日Balancingdutyandfreedom17-04-28MB03Whatshouldahealthyrelationshipbetweenparentsandtheirchildrenlooklike?Whatpopsintomymindisoneword:boundaries.Alackofboundariesisthekeyproblembehindmanyfamilyissues.Childisthecenterofthewholefamilyandshouldersallthehopesanddreamsthathis/herparentswantforthemselves.Whenhe/shegetintoauniversity,parentssaythathe/shehasfinallymadethemproudsothattheycanholdtheirheadshigh.Soundsprettyfamiliar,right?ManyChineseparentshavesaidsomethingsimilartotheirkids.DeepdowninmanyChineseparentshearts,theirchildisnotanindependentandcompleteindividualbutsomethingthatbelongstothemorisevenpartofthem.Tosomeextent,sendingtheirchildtocollegeislikefulfillingadreamforthemselves.So,it"snothardtounderstandwhysomeparentswouldexpecttheirchildtolivetheirlifethewaythey,theparents,want.Surely,youwouldsaythateveryparentlovestheirkidandwantstheircompanywhenheorshegetsold.Ithinkitisreasonable.FilialpietyisapartoftheChinesetradition.However,itcannotbeusedasanexcuseforpeopletodenytheiroffspring"srighttochoosetheirownlife.Thatisnotlove.It"saformofpossessionintheguiseoflove.IstillrememberwhatmymomsaidwhenIaskedwhethersheregrettedsupportingmeonalifejourneythattakesmefurtherandfurtherawayfromhome.Shesaid,Yourhappinessandfuturematterthemost.Iwillbehappyforyouaslongasyouarehappyyourself.Thisiswhatmatureandtrueloveislike,andI"mverygratefulandluckytohaveitandlearnfromit.Childrenshouldbemoreindependenttoo,botheconomicallyandmentally.Spendingallyourparents"hard-earnedmoneyforhighereducationisnotcommoninWesterncountries.Youngpeopleshouldtrytobemorefinanciallyindependentandhelprelievetheirparents"burdenbyapplyingforscholarshipsanddoingpart-timejobs.Academicpursuitsshouldbeyourownresponsibility,notaburdentoyourfamilymembers.Again,thekeywordhereisboundaries.Also,livingfarawayfromhomedoesn"tmeanthatyoushouldignoreyourparents.InthecontextoftheChinesetraditionalcultureandsocialsystem,sonsanddaughtersshouldtakecareoftheireldersandareduty-boundtosupporttheirparentsbylaw.Regularvisitsandemotionalandfinancialsupportarethebasisforrepayingsomeonewhoraisedyou,don"tyouthinkso?6月19日ReadabookwhydontyouDongQing"shotnewhitshowReadershascertainlystruckachordwithviewers,remindingthemofthevalueofagoodbookandreading.What"sreallyinterestingishowancienthistoryiscoveredandhowpoetsaregiventheirlong-overduecredit.Itbringsasenseofcultureandelegancetolight.Inaworldthatissometimeslostintheshallownessandbanalityoflife,thisseriesisonetoreckonwiththesenses.Iwaspulledinbytheshow,whichissomethingthatdoesnotoftenhappenwithTVshowsanymore.Theparticipantscamefromdifferentindustriesandwereverydetail-oriented.Therewereendearingmoments,somewithtearsandalsomomentsoflaughter.Isincerelyadmirethequalityoftheworkandfeelinspired.Withmoderntechnology,likemostofChina"sgreats,readingisalsodisappearing.Isometimesfeelsadbecauseitdistancesusfromthetreasuresleftbythewiseroldergeneration.ButI"mnotheretodenymoderntechnology.Whydon"tweplaceabookinourbagaswegotoworkorschool?Whetherwe"reonthemetro,abusorwaitinginabank,wecantakeoutabookandreadaparagraphinsteadofwastingtimeonthephone.Inotherwords,liketheclassicsandtheoldergeneration,bringthegoodhabitback.(224words)BullettrainsIlovetheconceptbehindChina"sbullettrains.I"veenjoyedtravelingaroundthecountryonthem.Theyarealwaysontime,convenientandreasonablypriced.Theyarealsoverycleanandoperateonastablesystemthatmakesthepassengerfeelsafe.Chinaoughttobeextremelyproudofitstrainsystem.It"sreallyatthetopoftheworld"sstandards.6月20日ATaleoftwocities17-04-26P20PeoplewalkontopofthecitywallinXi"an,ShaanxiProvince.AnancientcapitalforalargepartofChina"shistory,Xi"an,nowthecapitalofNorthwestChina"sShaanxiProvince,isregardedasoneoftheworld"sfourgreatancientcitiesalongwithAthens,RomeandCairo.FormerlyknownasChang"an,Xi"anisnotjustfamousforbeingthecapitalcityduringanumberofdynasties,itisalsofamousforbeingthestartingpointoftheancientSilkRoad.Consideringitslonghistory,it"sonlynaturalthatXi"anboastsalargenumberofhistoricsites,especiallysomeraresitesdatingbacktotheZhou(1046BC-256BC),Qin(221BC-206BC),Han(206BC-AD220)andTang(618-907)dynasties.Theseconnectionstothepasthavecreatedauniqueculturalatmospherethatpermeatesthroughoutthecity.Formostvisitors,theTerracottaArmyisamust-seehistoricalsitemorethanahalf-hourdrivefromthecitycenter.HistoricalsitessuchastheGreatWildGoosePagodaandtheSmallWildGoosePagoda,whichhousedBuddhistwritingsinthepast,aswellastheTangDynastyFurongPalace,theHuaqingHotSpringsandFamenTemplearealsoareasthatvisitorsshouldnotmiss.DuringtheprosperousTangDynasty,manyforeignerscametothecityfortradeandtolearnaboutChineseculture.EmperorTaizong(598-649)orderedanareabesetasideforthesegroupssotheycouldsettledown.ThisareaisnowknownasHuiFang(HuiCommunity).Thecommunityisoneofthemostpopularspotsfortouristslookingtogetatasteoflocalfood.Forthosewithasweettooth,youmaywanttoheadtoYongxingFang,whereyoucanfindmanydeliciousdessertslocaltoShaanxi.Oftheserelicsites,sixarelistedonUNESCO"sWorldHeritageList,includingtheTerracattaWarriors,theGreatWildGoosePagoda,theSmallWildeGoosePagoda,therelicsiteoftheDamingPalaceoftheTangDynasty,TheSiteoftheWeiyangPalaceoftheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-AD25)andtheXingjiaoTemplePagoda.CityinacityXi"anstillhasitsancientcitywall.BuiltduringtheMingDynasty(1368-1644),thewallliesinthecenterofthecity.Standing12metershighand11.9kilometersinlength,thewallismorethan600yearsoldandiscurrentlythemostcompleteancientcitywallinChina.Localscalltheareainsidethewalltheoldcity.ThisiswhereliestheDrumTower-widelyacknowledgedasthecenterofXi"an,eventhoughgeographicallyspeakingitisnotactuallyatthecenterofthecityanymoresinceXi"anhasexpandeditscityareasinrecentdecades.ItwasduskwhenIclimbedupstairsleadingtothetopofthewall.WhatIsawwasanamazingsceneinwhichthecity"smodernbuildingswerekeptoutoftheoldcitybyamoat,whilewithinthewallslaysquatbuildingsbuiltfollowingtraditionalstyles.Touristscanrentabikeandridearoundonthewallfor45yuan($6.50)forasinglebikefortwohours,or90yuan($13)foratandembicycleforthesameamountoftime.SinceIpreferwalking,Idecidednottotakeabike.AsIwalkedalong,thescentofflowerscaughtmyattention.Curious,Ipoppedmyheadoutoverthewallforalookandsawawidegreenbeltareanestledbetweenthewallandthemoatthatwasfilledwithwhitelilactreesthatwereinfullbloom.Ontheoldcitysideofthewall,hostels,inns,galleries,cafesandbarslinethewall.Allofthemareinsidebuildingsmodeledaftertraditionalarchitecture.Myguidetoldmethatthisareaisafavoriteamongyoungbackpackersandforeignerswhowanttoexperiencelivinginanancientcity.6月21日TeaPickingFestivalopensinAnhui17-04-26MB08ASwisswomanandherdaughterplayintheteafield.ThethirdTeaPickingFestivalistoopenonApril15inKetantownship,LujiangcountyinHefei,AnhuiProvince.Morethan1,000citizensinHefei,mostlychildren,parentsandteachers,willgotoHudongBiologicalTeaParkforaspringouting.Thechildrenwillexplorenatureandfeelthecharmofthetea.ThefamousteafieldsinLujiangcounty,BaiyunChunhao,coversanareaofabout42.7squarekilometers.Thecountyhasinitiatedaseriesoffavorablepoliciesandnewagriculturepatternstohelptheteaindustrydevelop.6月22日Acleanfuture[3]Chinahasbeenreducingemissionssinceitmadeconservingenergyandreducingthecountry"scarbonfootprintpartofitsnationalstrategy.[4]Chinawillcontinuewithitseffortstodealwithclimatechangeandactivelyparticipateinmultilateralmechanismstocurbglobalwarming,afterUSPresidentDonaldTrumpannouncedhiscountry"swithdrawalfromtheParisAgreementonclimatechange,whichisaimedatcurbingchangebycappinggreenhousegasemissions.[1]Scientistsandinternationalsocietyatlargebelievethatglobalwarmingmayprovedisastroustothehumanrace.[2]Chinahaspromisedtofightglobalwarmingdespiteneedingcolossalamountsofpowertofuelitsindustrialdevelopment.Shiftingtocleanenergy-generatingmethodsisamajorpartofreducingcarbonemissions.[数据]Accordingtothe13thEnergyDevelopmentFive-YearPlan,releasedin2017,Chinawillcontinuedevelopingcleanenergycapacityandreducingitsrelianceonfossilfuel.Coalwillgofromsupplying66percentofChina"senergyin2015to58percentin2020.Greaterutilizationofmoreefficientnaturalgaswillaccountforaround10percentofenergyconsumptionbythen.[数据]Withalltheseefforts,perGDPunitcarbonemissionswillbereducedby40-45percentby2020from2005levels.[数据]Inordertoachievethisgoal,non-fossilfuelswillaccountfor15percentofallenergyconsumptionby2020,upfrom11.8percentin2015.Thefigureisexpectedtogrowto20percentby2030.Hydropower,solarenergy,windandnuclearpowerareChina"smajorsourcesofrenewableenergy.[数据]Chinaalreadyhastheworld"slargestcleanenergycapacity,andin2015,thecountry"sinvestmentincleanenergyexceeded$100billion,accountingforone-thirdoftheworld"stotal,accordingtotheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency.Moreinvestmentwillpourinthefieldinorderforwind-generatedpowercapacitytoreach210millionkilowattsby2020,and500millionkilowattsby2030;solarpowercapacitywillreach110millionkilowattsin2020and600millionkilowattsin2030.[数据]Chinaisalsohometotheworld"sfastestgrowingnuclearpowergeneratingcapacity.CurrentlyChinaisinfourthplaceintermsoftotalnuclearpowercapacityaftertheUS,FranceandRussia,with34generators.Butthereare20generatorsunderconstruction,andby2020,thecountrywillhavemorethan90generators,secondonlytotheUS.6月23日Asmorepeoplebegintousesharedbikesfortheirdailycommute,carelessparkinginpublicspaceshascomewiththepopularityofsharedbikes.Itisnolongeruncommontoseesubwayentrances,hutong,andentrancestoresidentialcompoundschokedwithsharedbicycles,andit"sworseduringpublicholidays.Bothresidentsandtouristsareinconvenienced.Complaintsaremadeonsocialmedia.Uncivilizedbehaviorsmustbestopped.Theusersofcivilizedbehaviorshouldgetcreditontheirsocialaccountandthosewhodonotabidebytheruleswilllosetheirsocialcredit.6月24日TakingcareoftrashAccordingtotheXinhuaNewsAgency,China"s246big-andmedium-sizedcitiesproduced185.64milliontonsofhouseholdgarbagein2015.A2015reportreleasedbytheShanghaiAcademyofSocialSciencesshowedthatonly6.5percentofthelocalssurveyedsaidtheyfullysortoutgarbagewhile32percentsaidtheyneverdidanykindofsorting.Beijingwillhavenomorelandfillspacewithinthenextfiveyears,theChinaNewsServicereportedonMay4,2017.Meanwhile,incinerationplantshavelongbeenasourceofcontroversyinChina,withresidentsinHunan,GuangdongandZhejiangprovincestakingtothestreetstoprotestagainstplanstobuildthemnearby.Inaplanof2017toenforcegarbagesortingin46cities,Chinavowedtoincreasethehouseholdgarbagerecyclingrateto35percentbytheendof2020inthe46cities.(142words)Itiswellknownthathazardouswastesuchasbatteriesanddrugs,perishablerubbishsuchasmeatandfruit,aswellasrecyclablematerials,mustallbesorted.ThoughChinahasbeenpromotinggarbagesortingsince2000,progresshasbeenlessthansatisfying.Why,howtoandwhatfor?Unlikebadhabitsthatcankillsuchasdrunkdrivingorrunningaredlight,leavinggarbageunsortedcausesinvisibledamage,andthecostofdealingwithitisnotshoulderedbyindividuals.However,iftrashisnotsortedproperly,wastecannotbefullyreusedorrecycled,andthedisposalprocessisharder.Currently,around60percentofhouseholdwasteisburiedand30percentisburned.Besidestheimpactontheenvironmentandhumanhealththatburningorburyingunsortedgarbagehas,thetwoapproachesarenotsustainable.Cleanerdisposalpractices,suchasrecycling,couldpotentiallydealwithasmuchas70percentofgarbagewithinthenexttenyears.(160words)Itwillstilltaketheeffortsofgenerationstoformthehabitofsortinghouseholdwaste.Weshouldsetabottomlineforadministrativebodies,whichcannolongerrunawayfromtheirduties,ortheywillbeheldaccountable.Restrictionsandpunishmentscouldbeinstitutedforbusinessorindividualswhichdonotsortwaste,suchassuspendinggarbageremovalorchargingexpensivefeestotakeawayunsortedwaste.Inseverecases,detentionscouldbehandedouttothosewhorepeatedlydefythesortingdecreeandcauseconsiderabledamage.(89words)Severalattemptstopromotegarbagesortinghavebeenintroducedinrecentdecades.Forinstance,Shanghaibegansortingorganicandinorganicgarbagein1995,andthenstartedclassifyinggarbageintoglass,hazardouswaste,recyclablewasteandotherwastein2008.In2011,Shanghairedesigneditspublicdustbinstocontaineitherkitchengarbageorothergarbageinanattempttogetlocalstoseparatewetanddrywastethemselves.(67words)6月25日China"sonlinebike-sharingplatformshaveincreasedrapidly,withmorethan30serviceprovidersnationwide.Morethan10millionbikeshavebeenputontothemarketandmorethan100millionpeoplehaveregisteredtousetheservices.Theboomingindustryhasbenefitedshort-distancetransportation,facilitatedconnectionsbetweenbusandsubwayservicesinthecities,andbettersatisfiedpublicdemand.Ithasalsohelpedeasetrafficjamsandcontributedtothecountry"sbuildingofagreentransportsystem.However,disorderlymanagementhasalsobroughtsomeproblemsandpotentialsafetyrisks.Totacklethoseproblems,localgovernments,suchasinBeijing,Tianjin,ShanghaiandHangzhou,shouldreleasedocumentsonregulationofbike-sharingservicestoensureitshealthydevelopment.Onthebasisofcollectingpublicopinionsontheservicesandtheexistingmanagementrulesoflocalgovernments,theMinistryofTransportshouldissueaguidelineonencouragingandregulatingbike-sharingservices.Thegovernmentshouldalsoincreasefundingtobuildbike-basedtransportnetworksandregulatetheparkingareasofbike-sharingservicesmorestrictlytosolvetheproblemofdisorderlyparking.Educationcampaignsmustalsobecarriedouttoraisetheawarenessofbikeusersofabidingbybikeparkingrules.6月26日May31,2017Atripisoneofthemust-dosforuniversitystudentsThetripshavebecomeapopularchoiceformanyyoungpeople.Lately,universitystudentshavebeenplanningatripathomeorabroad.Somestudentssay:Atripisoneofthemust-dosforcollegestudents.Itseemslikeouruniversitylifewillbecompletedonlyafterdoingit.It"spartoftheritualtoourstudenttimeandpreparationtoenteranotherphaseoflife.(54words)Tospendseveraldaysseeingadifferentviewgivesstudentsnotonlyunforgettablememoriesbutalsodifferentmeaningsthatmaychangetheirviewsoftheworldandinfluencetheirlaterlives.They"velearnedalotabouttheworldfrombooks,theinternetandchatswithfriends,soitisnaturalthattheywanttoseetheminperson.Somestudentssaythattheyreallywanttoexperiencethescenesthatappearinmovies,dramasorcartoonsandtheculturaldifferencesthattheyexperiencewillofferachanceforthemtoreflectupontheirlife.Astheonlychildoftheirfamily,theyalmosthashadnochancetotravelsofarontheirownforalongtime,becausetheirparentsconstantlyworryabouttheirsafety.Theywanttofacetheunknownworldontheirown,andtheyreallyenjoyedsuchtraveling.Forexample,it"ssocomfortableforthemtositquietlyonthebustocirclearoundacitythatitremindsthemoftheirhometowns.Theyreallyenjoymeetingalotofpeople.Talkingwiththemgivetheminspiration.Theyoftenrealizefromtripchattingthatpeoplewillfinallypursuewhattheyreallywant,sothemostimportantthingistofindoutwhatapersonreallywants.Besidestherichmeaningthatstudentsgetfromtheirtrips,thetravelingwithclassmatesisfirstandforemostforfun.Thetripgivesthemauniquechancetoknowoneanother.We"vegrowncloserbythetrip"send.Butitseemsalittlebitlatebecausewearegoingtosaygoodbye.Thebiggestimpressionisthattimefliesreallyfast.Thefreshnessofbeingontheroadwillfinallyturnintoakindofunwillingnesstopart.Butafterthetrip,Ithinktheycanfaceanythingunexpectedandacceptanykindofpeople,whoareconsideredstrangebymanyothers.Aftertheirtrips,SomestudentssayNow,wecandealwithanykindofaccidentwithaclearhead.We"velearnednottojudgeotherpeople"slives.Thetravelhasstrengthenedourdeterminationtodowhatwereallywanttodo.6月27日2JuneOnlineentertainmententers"goldenage"BookmarkShareWordsContactWriter[1]StatisticsfromBeijing-basedinternetconsultancyAnalysysshowedthatthenumberofpayingusersofinternetvideoswillincreasefrom61.3millionin2016to97.73millionin2018.Therevenueisexpectedtoreach15.1billionyuan($2.2billion)in2017.(41words)[2]Chinaroserapidlyinthemobileinternetindustry,withthenumberofmobileinternetuserssurpassing700millionin2016,up12percentyear-on-year.(21words)Pay-to-watchisbecomingpopularandChinesepeoplearebecomingaccustomedtopayingforonlineentertainmentcontent,includingonlinegames,videos,literature,musicandlivestreamingplatforms.(25words)Chineseaudiencesareincreasinglywillingtopurchaseavarietyofmembershippackagesofferedbythemajorvideo-streamingcompanies,towatchTVdramasandothercontent.[2]Thehabitofpayingforwhattheywatchisnowforming.China"sonlineentertainmentindustryhasenteredagoldeneraasmoreandmoreChineseconsumersarewillingtopayforonlinegames,video,livestreamingplatformsandotherentertainmentcontent.Themarketforpayingusersoflivestreamingwebsiteswillcontinueitsrapidgrowthinthenexttwotothreeyears.Weexpectonlinecontenttobewide-rangingtosatisfydifferentaudiencegroups.Therewillbepersonalized,elaborate,value-addedservicesaswell.(81words)6月28日RumormongeringoughttobemoreharshlypunishedIn2013,thejudicialauthoritiessaidforthefirsttimethatspreadingrumorsontheinternetcouldbepunishedasthecrimeofprovokingtroubles,accordingtotheCriminalLaw.ButthestatementhasnotdeterredsomefromstartingandspreadingrumorsSomerumorsonfoodsafetyandenvironmentalissuesthathavearisensincehavenotonlydisturbedthepublicandmarketorder,butalsounderminedtrustinthegovernment.Legislationoncyberspacegovernancelagsfartherandfartherbehindthecountry"sneeds.Lawmakersshouldexpeditethemakingofalawtostrictlydefinepeople"slegalrightsandresponsibilitiesincyberspace.Inthefirstplace,thepenaltiesforrumormakersandspreadersmustbeproportionaltotheconsequencesofthefalsehoods.Onlybymeansofaspecificlawandliabilitiesforthosewhobreakitwillpeople"sawarenessoftheneedtobehavethemselvesincyberspaceberaised.(147words)6月29日Real-lifedramaWhenitcomestohigh-rankingofficials,themostcommoncommentIhaveheardisthat,Noofficialsarenotinvolvedincorruption.TherecenthitshowIntheNameofthePeoplevividlyexposesthecorruptedofficialenvironment,butatthesametime,bydepictingapositiveimageofseveralofficials,Ithinkitalsohelpsboosttheaudience"sconfidenceinthePartyanditsabilitytocreateacleanofficialenvironment.Acountry"sdevelopmentneedsgoodofficialsandsupportfromthepeople.SuchTVdramascanhelpdeterpotentialcorruptofficialsandhelppeopletrustofficialsmore.(98words)6月30日Blueprintforbetterfuture17-04-28Biz04-05TheXionganNewArea,whichwasannouncedonApril1,2017,bytheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncil,isabout100kilometerssoutheastofBeijing,anditwillspanthreecounties(Xiongxian,RongchengandAnxin)thatsitatthecenterofthetriangularareaformedbyBeijing,TianjinandShijiazhuang,Hebei"sprovincialcapital.Sofar,atleast40centrallyadministratedState-ownedenterpriseshavevowedtosupportthedevelopmentoftheneweconomiczoneandcompaniesinsectorslikeinfrastructureandtransportationwillbethefirsttoenterXiongan.Althoughcurrentlyunderdeveloped,Xionganhaslargegrowthpotentialinthenearfuture.

2017公共基础知识哲学:经济基础、上层建筑的含义-解放军文职人员招聘-军队文职考试-红师教育

1.经济基础的含义(1)含义：经济基础即社会的经济结构，是指一定社会中占统治地位的生产关系各方面的总和。(2)理解：经济基础属于社会的物质关系，不包括生产力，是一定社会占统治地位的生产关系的总和，不是所有的生产关系的总和，不包括不占统治地位的生产关系，而是占统治地位的生产关系各个方面内容的总和(生产资料所有制、生产中的人与人的关系和地位、产品的分配等方面的总和)。2.上层建筑的含义(1)含义：上层建筑是建立在一定社会经济基础之上的社会意识形态以及相应的政治法律制度和设施的总和。(2)构成：分为两大部分，意识形态即思想上层建筑或观念上层建筑;政治法律制度和设施称为政治上层建筑或实体性上层建筑。自然科学、思维科学、语言学、逻辑学、某些管理科学无阶级性，不属于上层建筑的意识形态，即非意识形态或非上层建筑的社会意识形式。(3)关系：政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑相互联系相互作用，互为因果。第一，政治上层建筑是在一定的思想、观点指导下通过人们的意识而形成建立起来的，两者都根源于经济。就是说，经济是政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑的现实基础，即它决定社会的政治结构和文化结构。第二，政治上层建筑一旦形成就成为既定的现实力量，对经济生活起指导和限制作用，并影响人们的思想。两者都是经济的反映，政治上层建筑是经济的最直接的集中反映，思想上层建筑既反映经济又反映政治并反作用于、服务于政治和经济。国家政权是整个上层建筑的核心。